Caving Articles

• Extinction
  Dinosaurs
  Endangered Animals
  Endangered Plants
  Fossils
  Early Climate
   
  

  Extinction event

  An extinction event (also extinction-level event, ELE) occurs when a large number of species die out in a relatively short period of time. Since life began on Earth, a number of major mass ... > more
• Forensics
  Bacteria
  Medical Imaging
  Triglycerides
  Sports Medicine
  Environmental Science
   
  

  Biosensor

  A biosensor is a device for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector ... > more
• Volcanoes
  Natural Disasters
  Landslides
  Floods
  Geology
  Tsunamis
   
  

  Pyroclastic flow

  Pyroclastic flows are a common and devastating result of some volcanic eruptions. They are fast-moving fluidized bodies of hot gas, ash and rock (collectively known as tephra) which can travel away ... > more
• Computer Modeling
  Computer Science
  Mathematical Modeling
  Distributed Computing
  Computer Programming
  Communications
   

  Computer simulation

  A computer simulation or a computer model is a computer program that attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system. Computer simulations have become a useful part of mathematical ... > more
• Global Warming
  Oceanography
  El Nino and La Nina
  Climate
  Floods
  Geography
   
  

  Sea level

  Mean sea level (MSL) is the average (mean) height of the sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface. Defining the reference level, however, involves complex measurement, and accurately ... > more
• Climate
  Global Warming
  Ice Ages
  Weather
  Environmental Issues
  Environmental Policy
   
  

  Temperature record

  The temperature record shows the fluctuations of the temperature of the atmosphere and the oceans through various spans of time. The most detailed information exists since 1850, when methodical ... > more
• Microbes and More
  Microbiology
  Fungus
  Developmental Biology
  Soil Types
  Organic
   

  Microorganism

  A microorganism or microbe is an organism that is so small that it is microscopic (invisible to the naked eye). Microorganisms are often illustrated using single-celled, or unicellular organisms; ... > more
• Wildfires
  Natural Disasters
  Forest
  Environmental Science
  Oil Spills
  Ecology
   
  

  Smoulder

  Smouldering (or smoldering in American spelling) combustion is a flameless form of combustion, deriving its heat from oxidations occurring on the surface of a solid fuel. Common examples are the ... > more
• Volcanoes
  Natural Disasters
  Earthquakes
  Geography
  Near-Earth Object Impacts
  Tsunamis
   
  

  Caldera

  A caldera is a volcanic feature formed by the collapse of a volcano into itself, making it a large, special form of volcanic crater. A caldera collapse is usually triggered by the emptying of the ... > more
• Water
  Ecosystems
  Drought Research
  Floods
  Pollution
  Ecology
   

  Brackish water

  Brackish water is water that is saltier than fresh water, but not as salty as sea water. It may result from mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in estuaries, or it may occur as in brackish fossil ... > more
• Volcanoes
  Natural Disasters
  Snow and Avalanches
  Geography
  Global Warming
  Water
   
  

  Mount Rainier

  Mount Rainier is a composite volcano in Pierce County, Washington, located 54 miles (87 km) southeast of Seattle, Washington, in the United States. It is the highest peak in the Cascade Range, with a ... > more
• Hurricanes and Cyclones
  Severe Weather
  Storms
  Weather
  Geography
  Rainforests
   
  

  Typhoon Tip

  Typhoon Tip was the most intense and largest tropical cyclone on record. The storm weakened greatly before landfall, but still caused widespread flood damage across most of Japan during the 1979 ... > more

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