Caving Articles

• Volcanoes
  Natural Disasters
  Earthquakes
  Geography
  Geology
  Tsunamis
   
  

  Stratovolcano

  A stratovolcano is a tall, conical volcano composed of one layer of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash. These volcanoes are characterized by a steep profile and periodic, explosive eruptions. ... > more
• Air Quality
  Global Warming
  Sports Science
  Environmental Issues
  Acid Rain
  Chemistry
   
  

  Sulfur hexafluoride

  Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a gas whose molecules consist of one sulfur atom and six fluorine atoms. It is colorless, odorless, non-toxic, and non-flammable, and is soluble in water and some other ... > more
• Climate
  Global Warming
  Early Climate
  Ice Ages
  Environmental Issues
  Environmental Policy
   
  

  Temperature record of the past 1000 years

  The temperature record of the past 1000 years describes the reconstruction of temperature for the last 1000 years on the Northern Hemisphere. A reconstruction is needed because a reliable surface ... > more
• Soil Types
  Organic
  Acid Rain
  Fungus
  Landslides
  Agriculture and Food
   

  Soil pH

  Soil pH is an indication of the alkalinity or acidity of soil. It is based on the measurement of pH, which is based in turn on the activity of hydrogen ions (H+) in a water or salt ... > more
• Water
  Floods
  Environmental Issues
  Pollution
  Sustainability
  Landslides
   
  

  Surface runoff

  Surface runoff is water, from rain, snowmelt, or other sources, that flows over the land surface, and is a major component of the water cycle. Runoff that occurs on surfaces before reaching a channel ... > more
• Global Warming
  Ice Ages
  Snow and Avalanches
  Oceanography
  Water
  Climate
   
  

  Glacier

  A glacier is a large, long-lasting river of ice that is formed on land and moves in response to gravity. A glacier is formed by multi-year ice accretion in sloping terrain. Glaciers can be found on ... > more
• Forest
  Exotic Species
  Rainforests
  Acid Rain
  Ecology
  Wildfires
   
  

  Petrified wood

  Petrified wood is a type of fossil: it exists of fossil wood where all the organic materials have been replaced with minerals (most often a silicate, such as quartz), while retaining the original ... > more
• Near-Earth Object Impacts
  Asteroids, Comets and Meteors
  Geology
  Saturn
  Earth Science
  Moon
   
  

  Impact crater

  An impact crater is a circular depression on a surface, usually referring to a planet, moon, asteroid, or other celestial body, caused by a collision of a smaller body (meteor) with the ... > more
• Global Warming
  Forest
  Air Quality
  Climate
  Rainforests
  Geochemistry
   
  

  Carbon dioxide sink

  A carbon dioxide (CO2) sink is a carbon reservoir that is increasing in size, and is the opposite of a carbon "source". The main natural sinks are the oceans and plants and other organisms that use ... > more
• Geology
  Earthquakes
  Natural Disasters
  Earth Science
  Tsunamis
  Near-Earth Object Impacts
   
  

  Lithosphere

  The lithosphere is the solid outermost shell of a rocky planet. On the Earth, the lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost layer of the mantle (the upper mantle or lower lithosphere) which is ... > more
• Volcanoes
  Natural Disasters
  Sports Science
  Geology
  Global Warming
  Early Climate
   
  

  Volcano

  A volcano is an opening (or rupture) in the Earth's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash, and gases to escape from deep below the surface. Volcanic activity involving the extrusion of ... > more
• Volcanoes
  Natural Disasters
  Geography
  Hurricanes and Cyclones
  Exotic Species
  Geology
   
  

  Mount St. Helens

  Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located 96 miles (154 km) south of the city of Seattle and 53 ... > more

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