Browse Reference Articles
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Solar radiation
Solar radiation is radiant energy emitted by the sun, particularly electromagnetic energy. About half of the radiation is in the visible short-wave part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The other ... > more -
Artesian aquifer
An artesian aquifer is a confined aquifer whose water is pressurized. Water will thus flow out of an artesian well without ... > more -
1999 Izmit, Turkey Earthquake
The Izmit earthquake with a magnitude of 7.4 which lasted for 45 seconds killed over 17,000 in northwestern Turkey on 17 August ... > more -
Precession of the equinoxes
The precession of the equinoxes refers to the precession of Earth's axis of rotation with respect to inertial space. The precession of the equinoxes is caused by the differential gravitational forces ... > more -
Jet stream
Jet streams are fast flowing, relatively narrow air currents found in the atmosphere at around 12 km above the surface of the Earth, just under the tropopause. They form at the boundaries of adjacent ... > more -
Carbon cycle
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of the Earth. The cycle is usually thought of as four major ... > more -
Antarctic ice sheet
The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest single mass of ice on Earth. It covers an area of almost 14 million square km and contains 30 million cubic km of ice. Around 90 percent of the fresh water on ... > more
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