Browse Reference Articles
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Nanoparticle
A nanoparticle (or nanopowder or nanocluster or nanocrystal) is a microscopic particle with at least one dimension less than 100 nm. Nanoparticle research is currently an area of intense scientific ... > more -
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the study of spectra, that is, the dependence of physical quantities on frequency. Spectroscopy is often used in physical and analytical chemistry for the identification of ... > more -
Energy and the Environment
Renewable Energy
Environmental Science
Fuel Cells
Sustainability
Alternative Fuels
Liquid nitrogen economy
A liquid nitrogen economy is a hypothetical proposal for a future economy in which the primary form of energy storage and transport is liquid nitrogen. It is proposed as an alternative to liquid ... > more -
Oil refinery
An oil refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into useful petroleum products. Raw oil or unprocessed ("crude") oil is not very useful in the form it comes in ... > more -
Polychlorinated biphenyl
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of organic compounds with 1 to 10 chlorine atoms attached to biphenyl. Although the physical and chemical properties vary widely across the class, PCBs ... > more -
Tissue engineering
Tissue engineering can perhaps be best defined as the use of a combination of cells, engineering materials, and suitable biochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions. While the ... > more
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