http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/quantum_computers/ Quantum Computer Research. Read the latest news in developing quantum computers. Full-text, images, free. en-us Wed, 15 Feb 2012 18:05:02 EST Wed, 15 Feb 2012 18:05:02 EST 60 http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/logosmall.gif http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/computers_math/quantum_computers/ For more science articles, visit ScienceDaily. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120125151511.htm A quantum computer based on quantum particles instead of classical bits, can in principle outperform any classical computer. However, it still remains an open question, how fast and how efficient quantum computers really may be able to work. A critical limitation will be given by the velocity with which a quantum signal can spread within a processing unit. For the first time, a group of physicists has succeeded in observing such a process in a solid-state like system. Wed, 25 Jan 2012 15:15:15 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120125151511.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120122152546.htm Researchers have combined two fields -- quantum physics and nano physics -- and this has led to the discovery of a new method for laser cooling semiconductor membranes. Semiconductors are vital components in many electronics, and the efficient cooling of components is important for future quantum computers and ultrasensitive sensors. The new cooling method works quite paradoxically by heating the material. Using lasers, researchers cooled membrane fluctuations to minus 269 degrees C. Sun, 22 Jan 2012 15:25:25 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120122152546.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120119143326.htm Researchers have succeeded in combining the power of quantum computing with the security of quantum cryptography and have shown that perfectly secure cloud computing can be achieved using the principles of quantum mechanics. They have performed an experimental demonstration of quantum computation in which the input, the data processing, and the output remain unknown to the quantum computer. Thu, 19 Jan 2012 14:33:33 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120119143326.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120117145236.htm Scientists have achieved a 100-fold increase in the ability to maintain control the spins of electrons in a solid material, a key step in the development of ultrafast quantum computers. Tue, 17 Jan 2012 14:52:52 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120117145236.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120112142237.htm Using several massive supercomputers, a team of physicists has split a simulated electron perfectly in half. The results are another example of how tabletop experiments on ultra-cold atoms and other condensed-matter materials can provide clues about the behavior of fundamental particles. Thu, 12 Jan 2012 14:22:22 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120112142237.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120112142228.htm Scientists have built the world's smallest magnetic data storage unit. It uses just twelve atoms per bit, the basic unit of information, and squeezes a whole byte (8-bit) into as few as 96 atoms. Thu, 12 Jan 2012 14:22:22 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120112142228.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111221105811.htm An advance in sensor design could unshackle a powerful yet high-maintenance technique for exploring material, expanding the scope of neutron interferometry from a test of quantum mechanics to a tool for industry. Wed, 21 Dec 2011 10:58:58 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111221105811.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111219135221.htm Quantum computing -- considered the powerhouse of computational tasks -- may have applications in areas outside of pure electronics, according to experts. Mon, 19 Dec 2011 13:52:52 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111219135221.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111216150305.htm Researchers can explain why we don't usually see the physical effects of quantum mechanics. Fri, 16 Dec 2011 15:03:03 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111216150305.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111211134004.htm A multi-purpose optical chip which generates, manipulates and measures entanglement and mixture -- two quantum phenomena which are essential driving forces for tomorrow's quantum computers -- has now been developed. This work represents an important step forward in the race to develop a quantum computer. Sun, 11 Dec 2011 13:40:40 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111211134004.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111201200240.htm Scientists and engineers have proven the worth of quantum cryptography in telecommunication networks by demonstrating its long-term effectiveness in a real-time network. Their international network, created in collaboration with ID Quantique and installed in the Geneva metropolitan area and crossing over to the site of CERN in France, ran for more than one-and-a-half years from the end of March 2009 to the beginning of January 2011. Thu, 01 Dec 2011 20:02:02 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111201200240.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111121142459.htm Researchers have made advances in better understanding correlated quantum matter that could change technology as we know it, according to a new study. Mon, 21 Nov 2011 14:24:24 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111121142459.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111115180307.htm By nestling quantum dots in an insulating egg-crate structure, researchers have demonstrated a robust new architecture for quantum-dot light-emitting devices (QD-LEDs). Quantum dots are very tiny crystals that glow with bright, rich colors when stimulated by an electric current. QD-LEDs are expected to find applications in television and computer screens, general light sources, and lasers. Tue, 15 Nov 2011 18:03:03 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111115180307.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111106150759.htm Scientists in China have produced a theory for a quantum cloning machine able to produce several copies of the state of a particle at atomic or sub-atomic scale, or quantum state. The advance could have implications for quantum information processing methods used, for example, in message encryption systems. Sun, 06 Nov 2011 15:07:07 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111106150759.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111102161257.htm Physicists may have earned silicon carbide –– a semiconductor commonly used by the electronics industry –– a role at the center of a new generation of information technologies designed to exploit quantum physics for tasks such as ultrafast computing and nanoscale sensing. Wed, 02 Nov 2011 16:12:12 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111102161257.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111028142510.htm The merging of two technologies under development -- plasmonics and nanophotonics -- is promising the emergence of new "quantum information systems" far more powerful than today's computers. Fri, 28 Oct 2011 14:25:25 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111028142510.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111027163117.htm Managing light to carry computer data, such as text, audio and video, is possible today with laser light beams that are guided along a fiber-optic cable. These waves consist of countless billions of photons, which carry information down the fiber across continents. A research team wants to refine the optical transmission of information by using a single photon, the fundamental building block of light that can allow unprecedented applications in optical information transfer. Thu, 27 Oct 2011 16:31:31 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111027163117.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111020024718.htm General relativity, the joint theory of gravity, space and time gives predictions that become clearly evident on a cosmic scale of stars and galaxies. Quantum effects are fragile and observed on small scales like single particles and atoms. To test the interplay between them is very hard. Now theoretical physicists propose an experiment to overlap of the two theories. Thu, 20 Oct 2011 02:47:47 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111020024718.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111018092348.htm Building on earlier work showing how nanowires carved in impurity-laden diamond crystal can efficiently emit individual photons, researchers have developed a scalable manufacturing process to craft arrays of miniature, silver-plated-diamond posts that enable even greater photon control. The development supports efforts to create robust, room-temperature quantum computers by setting the stage for diamond-based microchips. Tue, 18 Oct 2011 09:23:23 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111018092348.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111018084359.htm Researchers in Spain have developed a model that provides the basis for the application of commercial photonic components to the field of quantum computers and quantum communications. Tue, 18 Oct 2011 08:43:43 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111018084359.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111014122315.htm Fluctuations are fundamental to many physical phenomena in our everyday lives. Using a high resolution microscope, scientists have now been able to image quantum-correlated particle-hole pairs in a gas of ultracold atoms. This has allowed the physicists to unravel a hidden order in the crystal. Fri, 14 Oct 2011 12:23:23 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111014122315.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111013135152.htm The concepts of quantum technology promise to achieve more powerful information processing than is possible with even the best possible classical computers. To actually build efficient quantum computers remains a significant challenge in practice. A new scheme, called "coherent photon conversion," could potentially overcome all of the currently unresolved problems for optical implementations of quantum computing. Thu, 13 Oct 2011 13:51:51 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111013135152.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111011145727.htm Scientists have established the presence of a dynamic Jahn-Teller effect in defective diamonds, a finding that will help advance the development of diamond-based systems in applications such as quantum information processing. Tue, 11 Oct 2011 14:57:57 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111011145727.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111011121405.htm Scientists test how the energy levels of electrons trapped in a defect in the diamond matrix shift with changing temperatures. Tue, 11 Oct 2011 12:14:14 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111011121405.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111011102107.htm Engineers and physicists have managed to capture light in tiny diamond pillars embedded in silver, releasing a stream of single photons at a controllable rate. The advance represents a milestone on the road to quantum networks in which information can be encoded in spins of electrons and carried through a network via light, one photon at a time. Tue, 11 Oct 2011 10:21:21 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111011102107.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111004123604.htm Physicists have created a tiny "electron superhighway" that could one day be useful for building a quantum computer -- a new type of computer that will use quantum particles in place of the digital transistors found in today's microchips. Researchers now describe how to make a "topological insulator," a much-sought device that could help physicists create elusive pairs of quantum particles that are particularly useful for storing information. Tue, 04 Oct 2011 12:36:36 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111004123604.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110927112039.htm Scientists recently gave a theoretical description of teleportation phenomena in sub-atomic scale physical systems. Tue, 27 Sep 2011 11:20:20 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110927112039.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110922093724.htm Physicists have succeeded in taking a decisive step towards the development of more powerful computers. They were able to define two little quantum dots (QDs), occupied with electrons, in a semiconductor and to select a single electron from one of them using a sound wave, and then to transport it to the neighboring QD. Thu, 22 Sep 2011 09:37:37 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110922093724.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110901155259.htm A new paradigm in quantum information processing has been demonstrated. Physicists have developed a quantum integrated circuit that implements the quantum von Neumann architecture. In this architecture, a long-lived quantum random access memory can be programmed using a quantum central processing unit, all constructed on a single chip, providing the key components for a quantum version of a classical computer. Thu, 01 Sep 2011 15:52:52 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110901155259.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110901140306.htm Physicists in Austria have come considerably closer to their goal to investigate complex phenomena in a model system: They have developed a digital, and therefore, universal quantum simulator in their laboratory, which can, in principle, simulate any physical system efficiently. Thu, 01 Sep 2011 14:03:03 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110901140306.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110831115808.htm Physicists have achieved a record-low probability of error in quantum information processing with a single quantum bit (qubit) -- the first published error rate small enough to meet theoretical requirements for building viable quantum computers. Wed, 31 Aug 2011 11:58:58 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110831115808.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110825164929.htm Physicists have presented a new way to map spiraling light that could help harness untapped data channels in optical fibers. Increased bandwidth would ease the burden on fiber-optic telecommunications networks taxed by an ever-growing demand for audio, video and digital media. The new model could even spur enhancements in quantum computing and other applications. Thu, 25 Aug 2011 16:49:49 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110825164929.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110822101948.htm Scientists have designed a fault-tolerant way to make "photon delay" devices, a key component for future photon-based computer chips. Mon, 22 Aug 2011 10:19:19 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110822101948.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110817094920.htm Quantum communication could be an option for absolutely secure transfer of data. The key component in quantum communication over long distances is entanglement between two atomic systems. Entanglement is very fragile and until now researchers have only been able to maintain the entanglement for a fraction of a second. But researchers have now succeeded in maintaining the entanglement for up to an hour. Wed, 17 Aug 2011 09:49:49 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110817094920.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110812161813.htm The world economy is becoming ever more reliant on high tech electronics such as computers featuring fingernail-sized microprocessors crammed with billions of transistors. For progress to continue, for Moore's Law -- according to which the number of computer components crammed onto microchips doubles every two years, even as the size and cost of components halves -- to continue, new materials and new phenomena need to be discovered. Researchers have now discovered a "kaleidoscope" of phases, which represent the lowest-energy states that are allowed given the magnetic interactions. Fri, 12 Aug 2011 16:18:18 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110812161813.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110810132850.htm Physicists have for the first time linked the quantum properties of two separated ions (electrically charged atoms) by manipulating them with microwaves instead of the usual laser beams. Wed, 10 Aug 2011 13:28:28 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110810132850.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110810085459.htm Two completely different quantum systems have been successfully joined. This should pave the way to feasible quantum-computer microchips. Wed, 10 Aug 2011 08:54:54 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110810085459.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110809083247.htm Researchers are working on a next-generation computer: They made cold atoms interact with miniature gold wires as small as a thousandth of a millimeter. Illuminating the wires with laser light in a special way, the physicists concentrated the light field at the surface of the wires and, by that, generated so-called surface plasmons. These are bound light fields which might enable the construction of devices for optical computing and for quantum information. Circuits based on these devices would be much faster and more efficient than present technologies. Tue, 09 Aug 2011 08:32:32 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110809083247.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110802113316.htm Scientists have demonstrated a new technique that dramatically simplifies quantum circuits, bringing quantum computers closer to reality. Tue, 02 Aug 2011 11:33:33 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110802113316.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110727141327.htm Scientists have successfully created an ultrapure material that captures new states of matter and could have applications in high-speed quantum computing. The material, gallium arsenide, is used to observe states in which electrons no longer obey the laws of single-particle physics, but instead are governed by their mutual interactions. Wed, 27 Jul 2011 14:13:13 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110727141327.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110720142125.htm Researchers have discovered how to quiet environmental decoherence, a major obstacle to realizing the enormous potential of quantum computing. Wed, 20 Jul 2011 14:21:21 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110720142125.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110720142123.htm Scientists have taken the next major step toward quantum computing, which will use quantum mechanics to revolutionize the way information is processed. Using high magnetic fields, researchers managed to suppress decoherence, which is one of the key stumbling blocks in quantum computing. Wed, 20 Jul 2011 14:21:21 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110720142123.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110715135547.htm To build a quantum computer, one needs to create and precisely control individual quantum memory units, called qubits, for information processing. Scientists have made a breakthrough in the creation of massive numbers of entangled qubits, more precisely a multilevel variant thereof called Qmodes. Fri, 15 Jul 2011 13:55:55 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110715135547.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110629132544.htm Scientists have used lasers to peek into the complex relationship between a single electron and its environment, a breakthrough that could aid the development of quantum computers. Wed, 29 Jun 2011 13:25:25 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110629132544.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110624111940.htm Scientists have demonstrated a fundamental building block for quantum computing that could soon be employed in a range of quantum technologies. Fri, 24 Jun 2011 11:19:19 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110624111940.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110621173527.htm Harnessing the magnetic moment, or spin, of electrons rather than their electric charge, physicists have achieved a breakthrough toward the development of a new breed of computing devices that can process data using less power. Tue, 21 Jun 2011 17:35:35 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110621173527.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110614115031.htm Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a tool to provide confidential communication between two remote parties. QKD is perfectly secure in principle, but researchers have long been aware that loopholes may arise when QKD is put into practice. Now, for the first time, researchers have implemented a "perfect eavesdropper" that exploits just such a loophole. The results highlight the importance of identifying imperfections in the implementation of QKD as a step towards fixing them. Tue, 14 Jun 2011 11:50:50 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110614115031.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110613014121.htm A new generation of high-speed, silicon-based information technology has been brought a step closer by researchers in the UK. The team's research provides the first demonstration of an electrically driven, quantum dot laser grown directly on a silicon substrate (Si) with a wavelength (1300-nm) suitable for use in telecommunications. Mon, 13 Jun 2011 01:41:41 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110613014121.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110610102625.htm Magnetic studies of ultrathin slabs of copper-oxide materials reveal that at very low temperatures, the thinnest, isolated layers lose their long-range magnetic order and instead behave like a "quantum spin liquid" -- a state of matter where the orientations of electron spins fluctuate wildly. This unexpected discovery may offer support for the idea that this novel condensed state of matter is a precursor to the emergence of high-temperature superconductivity -- the ability to carry current with no resistance. Fri, 10 Jun 2011 10:26:26 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110610102625.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110601134300.htm From a laptop warming a knee to a supercomputer heating a room, the fact that computers generate heat is familiar to everyone. But theoretical physicists have discovered something astonishing: not only do computational processes sometimes generate no heat, under certain conditions they can even have a cooling effect. Behind this finding are fundamental considerations relating to knowledge and a lack of knowledge. Wed, 01 Jun 2011 13:43:43 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110601134300.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110526204955.htm Because of its strange consequences, the quantum mechanical phenomenon of entanglement has been called “spooky action at a distance” by Albert Einstein. For several years, physicists have been developing concepts of how to use this phenomenon for practical applications such as absolutely safe data transmission. For this purpose, the entanglement which is generated in a local process has to be distributed among remote quantum systems. A team of scientists in Germany has now demonstrated that two remote atomic quantum systems can be prepared in a shared “entangled” state: one system is a single atom trapped in an optical resonator, the other one a Bose-Einstein condensate consisting of hundreds of thousands of ultracold atoms. With the hybrid system thus generated, the researchers have realized a fundamental building block of a quantum network. Thu, 26 May 2011 20:49:49 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110526204955.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110526141501.htm Physicists have demonstrated a crucial element for a future functioning quantum computer: repetitive error correction. This allows scientists to correct errors occurring in a quantum computer efficiently. Thu, 26 May 2011 14:15:15 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110526141501.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110509171719.htm What limits the behavior of a carbon nanotube? This is a question that many scientists are trying to answer. Physicists have now shown that electromechanical principles are valid also at the nanometer scale. In this way, the unique properties of carbon nanotubes can be combined with classical physics -- and this may prove useful in the quantum computers of the future. Mon, 09 May 2011 17:17:17 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110509171719.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110505111942.htm Researchers have used a quantum mechanical system in the laboratory to simulate complex many-body systems. This experiment promises future quantum simulators with enormous potential insights into unknown quantum phenomena. Thu, 05 May 2011 11:19:19 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110505111942.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110502122138.htm A powerful quantum computer could be designed with an incredibly tiny memory. Researchers wrote the quantum state of single photons, i.e. particles of light, into a rubidium atom and read it out again after a certain storage time. This technique can be used in principle to design powerful quantum computers and to network them with each other across large distances. Mon, 02 May 2011 12:21:21 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110502122138.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110426122954.htm Researchers have come up with a way to use impurities in diamonds as a method of creating a node in a quantum network. Tue, 26 Apr 2011 12:29:29 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110426122954.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110418135533.htm Researchers have achieved plasmonic properties in the semiconductor nanocrystals known as quantum dots. Until now, plasmonic properties, which hold promise for superfast computers and ultrapowerful optical microscopes among many other possibilities, have been limited to nanostructures featuring interfaces between noble metals and dielectrics. This new discovery should make the already hot field of plasmonic technology even hotter. Mon, 18 Apr 2011 13:55:55 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110418135533.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110405123245.htm Scientists have mapped a state of matter called 'quantum spin liquid', whose existence was proposed in the 1970s but which has only been observed recently. Tue, 05 Apr 2011 12:32:32 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110405123245.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110401085103.htm Quantum physicists have now achieved controlled entanglement of 14 quantum bits (qubits) and, thus, realized the largest quantum register that has ever been produced. With this experiment the scientists have not only come closer to the realization of a quantum computer but they also show surprising results for the quantum mechanical phenomenon of entanglement. Fri, 01 Apr 2011 08:51:51 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110401085103.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110331151347.htm Researchers have created the first non-trivial "atom circuit," a donut-shaped loop of ultracold gas atoms circulating in a current analogous to a ring of electrons in a superconducting wire. Thu, 31 Mar 2011 15:13:13 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110331151347.htm