http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/rodents/ Rodents in scientific research. Read about rats, hamsters and mice. Learn about mouse allergens, beach mouse habitats, rodent control, lab mice, and the common house mouse. en-us Thu, 16 Feb 2012 03:05:02 EST Thu, 16 Feb 2012 03:05:02 EST 60 http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/logosmall.gif http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/plants_animals/rodents/ For more science articles, visit ScienceDaily. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120214121844.htm A novel approach in the study of the development of mammalian embryos has just been developed. The research enables scientists to view critical aspects of embryonic development which was previously unobservable. Tue, 14 Feb 2012 12:18:18 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/02/120214121844.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120130171907.htm Mouse skin cells can be converted directly into cells that become the three main parts of the nervous system, according to researchers. The finding is an extension of a previous study by the same group showing that mouse and human skin cells can be directly converted into functional neurons. Mon, 30 Jan 2012 17:19:19 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120130171907.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120126100633.htm It comes as a surprise to many that male house mice produce melodious songs to attract mates.  Unfortunately for us, because the melodies are in the ultra-sonic range human ears cannot detect them.  Through spectrographic analyses of the vocalizations of wild house mice, researchers have found that the songs of male mice contain signals of individuality and kinship.  Thu, 26 Jan 2012 10:06:06 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120126100633.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120107151247.htm Biologists have discovered a new primate species in the Sahafina Forest in eastern Madagascar, a forest that has not been studied before. The name of the new species is Gerp’s mouse lemur (Microcebus gerpi). Sat, 07 Jan 2012 15:12:12 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120107151247.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120105131641.htm Researchers have produced the world's first chimeric monkeys. The bodies of these monkeys are composed of a mixture of cells representing as many as six distinct genomes. The advance holds great potential for future research as chimeric animals had been largely restricted to mice. The report also suggests there may be limits to the use of cultured embryonic stem cells. Thu, 05 Jan 2012 13:16:16 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120105131641.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111220102536.htm Researchers have found out why the African naked mole-rat, one of the world's most unusual mammals, feels no pain when exposed to acid. The animals have an altered ion channel in their pain receptors that is inactivated by acid and makes the animals insensitive to this type of pain. Tue, 20 Dec 2011 10:25:25 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111220102536.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111212124555.htm A line of laboratory mice drinks more alcohol than other animal models and consumes it in a fashion similar to humans: choosing alcohol over other options and binge drinking. Mon, 12 Dec 2011 12:45:45 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111212124555.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111208141933.htm The first evidence of empathy-driven helping behavior in rodents has been observed in laboratory rats that repeatedly free companions from a restraint, according to a new study by University of Chicago neuroscientists. The observation, published today in Science, places the origin of pro-social helping behavior earlier in the evolutionary tree than previously thought. Thu, 08 Dec 2011 14:19:19 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111208141933.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111114093409.htm Just as in humans, there are also the tough types or those with a more delicate personality among mice, researchers confirm. Some adopt an active strategy when faced with stressful situations and somehow try to tackle the problem, whereas others display a passive attitude. Those in the second group are more vulnerable: some of the physiological characteristics resemble those attributed to human depression. Mon, 14 Nov 2011 09:34:34 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111114093409.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111110125949.htm New research comparing rats and mice with their distance relatives the marsupial, suggests that moveable whiskers were an important milestone in the evolution of mammals from reptiles. Thu, 10 Nov 2011 12:59:59 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111110125949.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111101125945.htm Mice are often used to test whether substances in food are harmful to humans. This requires that mice and humans metabolize substances in the same way. Humans have certain enzymes in more parts of the body than mice. The health risk associated with harmful substances in food may therefore be underestimated. Tue, 01 Nov 2011 12:59:59 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/11/111101125945.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111012132659.htm Sequencing the genome of the long-lived naked mole rat opens a "treasure trove" of information to scientists. An international team now reports the completed naked mole rat genome sequence. Wed, 12 Oct 2011 13:26:26 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111012132659.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111012132657.htm An international team of researchers from Korea, China and the U.S. has, for the first time, demonstrated the physiology and longevity of the naked mole rats (NMR) in terms of genomics and transcriptomics. The results provide an excellent opportunity to better understand the unique traits of naked mole rats and advance its use in biological and biomedical studies. Wed, 12 Oct 2011 13:26:26 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111012132657.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111011192420.htm An international team of researchers have found the oldest rodent fossils in South America. The find confirms the animals origin in Africa and contradicts the conclusion that they spread from south to north, which was deduced from the fossil record just 20 years ago. Tue, 11 Oct 2011 19:24:24 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111011192420.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111003132456.htm With new cutting-edge technology aimed at providing amputees with robotic limbs, a researcher has successfully implanted a robotic cerebellum into the skull of a rodent with brain damage, restoring its capacity for movement. Mon, 03 Oct 2011 13:24:24 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111003132456.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110926144620.htm The laboratory mouse has been widely used for research on a variety of diseases and genetic studies to understand which genes are involved in various illnesses. However, actual variations in past sequences of genes were unknown. Researchers have now sequenced a nearly complete map of mouse genetic variation. Cataloging the full set of variants is a first step in identifying the actual variants affecting disease. Mon, 26 Sep 2011 14:46:46 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110926144620.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110915141235.htm A new paper, building on recent advances in sequencing capability, now reports the complete genomes of 17 different strains of mice, creating an unparalleled genetic resource that will aid studies ranging from human disease to evolution. Thu, 15 Sep 2011 14:12:12 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110915141235.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110914131325.htm Scientists have decoded and compared the genome sequence of 17 mouse strains, developing a valuable mouse genetic blueprint that will accelerate future research and understanding of human genetics. The team found an astonishing 56.7 million SNPs among the strains, in addition to other more complex differences, and used these sequence differences to uncover genetic associations with more than 700 biological differences, including markers for diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Wed, 14 Sep 2011 13:13:13 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110914131325.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110907192320.htm Like humans, mice that live in their natural habitat encounter bacteria and other pathogens that exercise their immune system, yet lab mice typically used in immunology studies are raised in isolation from most diseases. A study on natural killer cells in wild mice examines the hypothesis that the unsterile living conditions faced by humans and wild mice may improve the readiness of the immune system to fight new infections. Wed, 07 Sep 2011 19:23:23 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/09/110907192320.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110819141519.htm Rats infected with the parasite Toxoplasma seem to lose their fear of cats -- or at least cat urine. Now researchers have discovered the brains of those infected, fearless male rats show activity in the region that normally triggers a mating response when encountering a female rat. But that does not mean it's love, as Toxoplasma just wants the rat to be eaten by a cat, so the parasite can reproduce in the cat's intestines. Fri, 19 Aug 2011 14:15:15 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110819141519.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110817175920.htm New research shows how a brain parasite can manipulate rodent fear responses for the parasite's own benefit. The single-celled parasite Toxoplasma gondii makes infected rodents more likely to spend time near cat odors. Wed, 17 Aug 2011 17:59:59 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110817175920.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110812163053.htm Most lab rats have to be housed, fed and bred. But not the group one researcher has in mind for his new systems biology center. They'll be virtual. Fri, 12 Aug 2011 16:30:30 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110812163053.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110807143849.htm The first mammalian microRNA knockout resource -- mirKO -- will soon be released. This research toolbox of mutant mouse ES cells, in which individual or clustered groups of microRNA genes have been deleted, will help researchers define the role of microRNAs in health and disease. Using these tools researchers can create cells or mice lacking specific microRNAs, study expression using fluorescent markers, or inactivate the gene in specific tissues or at specific times in development. Sun, 07 Aug 2011 14:38:38 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110807143849.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110804105854.htm Two new rodent fossils were discovered in the arid highlands of southern Bolivia. An online article describes the new species, a possible third, and two known species that are new inhabitants to that location. Thu, 04 Aug 2011 10:58:58 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110804105854.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110802201836.htm Woe to the clueless predator trying to make a meal of the African crested rat, a rodent that applies poisonous plant toxin to sponge-like hairs on its flanks, researchers have discovered. Tue, 02 Aug 2011 20:18:18 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110802201836.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110802112831.htm Researchers have developed a mouse model for Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathy, a hereditary disease of the peripheral nervous system. They also found a potential therapy for this incurable disease. The treatment not only halted the damage to the nerves and the atrophy of the muscles, it even succeeded in reversing the symptoms. Tue, 02 Aug 2011 11:28:28 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110802112831.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110721121547.htm Since the 1950s, people have tried to limit the numbers of mice and rats using a poison known as warfarin. But, over the course of evolution, those pesky rodents have found a way to make a comeback, resisting that chemical via changes to a gene involved in vitamin K recycling and blood clotting. Now, researchers show that European mice have in some cases acquired that resistance gene in a rather unorthodox way: they got it secondhand from an Algerian mouse. Thu, 21 Jul 2011 12:15:15 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110721121547.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110721121541.htm Researchers have discovered common house mice found two distinct ways to evolve resistance to warfarin-based rodent poisons. Thu, 21 Jul 2011 12:15:15 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110721121541.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110719114338.htm Only one in twenty cancer drugs makes its way from the laboratory to the market. The majority of new agents are only shown to be unsuitable in the later phases of clinical development which would explain the exorbitantly high development costs. A new mouse model could help researchers to recognize effects and side effects at an earlier stage. Tue, 19 Jul 2011 11:43:43 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110719114338.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110707161738.htm Contrary to popular belief, so-called hypoallergenic dogs do not have lower household allergen levels than other dogs. That's the conclusion of a study by researchers who sought to evaluate whether hypoallergenic dogs have a lower dog allergen in the home than other dogs. Hypoallergenic dogs are believed to produce less dander and saliva and shed less fur. Thu, 07 Jul 2011 16:17:17 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110707161738.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110705104220.htm Scientists have generated the first whole-genome sequencing data of the naked mole-rat, a rodent that is resistant to cancer and lives for more than 30 years. The naked mole-rat is native to the deserts of East Africa and has unique physical traits that allow it to survive in harsh environments for many years. It has a lack of pain sensation in its skin and has a low metabolic rate that allows it to live underground with limited oxygen supply. Tue, 05 Jul 2011 10:42:42 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110705104220.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110628163325.htm Researchers have discovered a single compound found in high concentrations in the urine of carnivores that triggers an instinctual avoidance response in mice and rats. This is the first time that scientists have identified a chemical tag that would let rodents sense carnivores in general from a safe distance. Tue, 28 Jun 2011 16:33:33 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110628163325.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110616081719.htm People often talk about "boosting" their immunity to prevent and fight colds. Nutritional supplements, cold remedies and fortified foods claim to stave off colds by augmenting the immune system. But new research suggests that tempering the immune response -- rather than enhancing it -- in asthma patients might be a better strategy when combating cold symptoms. Thu, 16 Jun 2011 08:17:17 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110616081719.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110615132017.htm Researchers report that they have knocked out almost 40 percent of the genes in the mouse genome. The results are founded on a novel, efficient production line that targets each specific gene in turn. This developing resource will be essential in our understanding of the role of genes in all mammals -- including humans. The completed resource will power studies in models of human disease. Wed, 15 Jun 2011 13:20:20 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110615132017.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110615120242.htm Like rock stars of the rodent world, the flashiest performers of a Central American mouse species get the most attention from the ladies, a new study shows. Wed, 15 Jun 2011 12:02:02 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110615120242.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110614115037.htm Eating a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet may reduce the risk of cancer and slow the growth of tumors already present, according to a new study. Tue, 14 Jun 2011 11:50:50 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110614115037.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110608131328.htm A team of researchers has, for the first time, recreated a portion of the hepatitis C virus life cycle in a mouse with a functional immune system. The new mouse model will enable scientists to test molecules that block entry of the hepatitis C virus into cells as well as potential vaccine candidates. Wed, 08 Jun 2011 13:13:13 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110608131328.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110606092738.htm An experimental cure for type 1 diabetes has a nearly 80 percent success rate in curing diabetic mice. The results offer possible hope of curing a disease that affects 3 million Americans. Mon, 06 Jun 2011 09:27:27 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/06/110606092738.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110529184047.htm Scientists have created a genome-wide, high-resolution map of most of the inbred mouse strains used today. Their conclusion: Most of the mice in use today represent only limited genetic diversity, which could be significantly expanded with the addition of more wild mouse populations. Sun, 29 May 2011 18:40:40 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110529184047.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110527123428.htm Researchers have developed a way to see deeper -- and more clearly -- into bodily organs of laboratory mice used in studies of medications. Fluorescent carbon nanotubes, injected into the mice, provide clearer images. Fri, 27 May 2011 12:34:34 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110527123428.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110524153420.htm Fossils from Inner Mongolia are a new species of birch mice, Sicista primus. This significantly extends the geologic history of the rodent family that includes jumping mice. The teeth from sediments 17 million years old distinguish the birch mice genus Sicista as a rare "living fossil" and indicate Sicista migrated from Asia to North America, contrary to what scientists previously hypothesized. Tue, 24 May 2011 15:34:34 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110524153420.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110519090141.htm Researchers have developed a mouse model of major depressive disorder (MDD) that is based on a rare genetic mutation that appears to cause MDD in the majority of people who inherit it. The findings could help clarify the brain events that lead to MDD and contribute to new and better means of treatment and prevention. Thu, 19 May 2011 09:01:01 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110519090141.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110517151301.htm Researchers compared the household presence of cockroach, mouse, cat, dust mite and other allergens in neighborhoods with a high prevalence of asthma to that in low-prevalence neighborhoods. They found that cockroach, mouse and cat allergens were significantly higher in homes located in neighborhoods where asthma is more common and that children in these higher-exposure homes were more likely to be sensitized to cockroach antigens. Tue, 17 May 2011 15:13:13 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110517151301.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110516075920.htm Researchers have engineered a new mouse that that can be used for research on degenerative disease. Mon, 16 May 2011 07:59:59 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110516075920.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110505083427.htm Social deficits are common in several psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. Individuals with severe social dysfunction can experience significant difficulties with everyday functioning. Now, scientists have further characterized a mouse model that provides some insights into biological factors related to social deficits, by comparing mice that had their oxytocin receptor gene made inactive, using a specialized technique called genetic knockout, with unaltered mice. Thu, 05 May 2011 08:34:34 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110505083427.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110428101752.htm Call it a mystery with a stubby tail: an odd-looking mouse discovered through a US government breeding program in the 1940s that had a short, kinky tail and an extra set of ribs in its neck -- and nobody knew why. Thu, 28 Apr 2011 10:17:17 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110428101752.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110407171718.htm Researchers have developed a mathematical model that will allow them to simulate how rats use their whiskers to sense objects around them. The model enables further research that may provide insight into the human sense of touch. Thu, 07 Apr 2011 17:17:17 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110407171718.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110406122207.htm Move over, newts and salamanders. The mouse may join you as the only animal that can re-grow their own severed limbs. Researchers are reporting that a simple chemical cocktail can coax mouse muscle fibers to become the kinds of cells found in the first stages of a regenerating limb. Their study is the first demonstration that mammal muscle can be turned into the biological raw material for a new limb. Wed, 06 Apr 2011 12:22:22 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110406122207.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110404084313.htm In mice models of breast cancer, researchers found that vitamin D significantly reduced development of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer both in lean and obese mice, but had no beneficial effect in estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) cancer. In fact, obese mice destined to develop ER- breast cancer were clearly worse off than lean ER- mice if they were given vitamin D in their diet. Mon, 04 Apr 2011 08:43:43 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/04/110404084313.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110323135625.htm By sequencing the genome of a mouse with cancer, researchers have uncovered mutations that also drive cancer in humans. The investigators are the first to sequence a mouse cancer genome. Wed, 23 Mar 2011 13:56:56 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110323135625.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110323105200.htm Pregnant mothers who eat high sugar and high fat diets have babies who are likely to become junk food junkies themselves. According to the report, which used rats, this happens because the high fat and high sugar diet leads to changes in the fetal brain's reward pathway, altering food preferences. Wed, 23 Mar 2011 10:52:52 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110323105200.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110321134500.htm Researchers are working on a vaccine that could completely cure asthma brought on by house dust mite allergies. Mon, 21 Mar 2011 13:45:45 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110321134500.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110321093837.htm Scientists have developed a new method for studying gene regulation, by employing a jumping gene as an informant. Called GROMIT, it allows scientists to also create mouse models for human diseases caused by chromosomal rearrangements, such as Down syndrome. Mon, 21 Mar 2011 09:38:38 EDT http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110321093837.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110309182656.htm What happened to being "quiet as a mouse"? Researchers have recently shown that, rather than being the silent creatures of popular belief, mice emit ultrasonic calls in a variety of social contexts, and these calls have song-like characteristics. So if mice sing, where do they get their music? Wed, 09 Mar 2011 18:26:26 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110309182656.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110309182104.htm New research could provide hope for any allergy sufferers who have ever had to choose between their health and their household pet. Wed, 09 Mar 2011 18:21:21 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110309182104.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110309112858.htm Researchers have created the first mouse models of human MYH9 genetic disorders, which cause several problems -- including enlarged platelets and sometimes fatal kidney disease. Wed, 09 Mar 2011 11:28:28 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110309112858.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110306151111.htm Why do some people get sick while others stay healthy? Since space shuttle Discovery launched into orbit Feb. 24, 2011, it has brought NASA scientists one step closer to helping astronauts and the public discover ways to battle and prevent serious illness and infection. Sun, 06 Mar 2011 15:11:11 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110306151111.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110218165259.htm How antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) work can be thoroughly explored with a new mouse model developed by neuroscientists. The mice express a serotonin transporter that has been genetically altered so that it does not respond to many SSRIs or cocaine. The new mouse model could also lead to the development of entirely new classes of antidepressant medications. Fri, 18 Feb 2011 16:52:52 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110218165259.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110218092535.htm One scientist uses the rat whisker system as a model to understand how the brain seamlessly integrates the sense of touch with movement. Fri, 18 Feb 2011 09:25:25 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110218092535.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110216120542.htm Researchers have engineered mice that model the switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin, an important step towards curing genetic blood diseases such as sickle cell anemia and beta-thalassemia. Wed, 16 Feb 2011 12:05:05 EST http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110216120542.htm