The work indicates that "it would be prudent for pregnant women to avoid prolonged exposure to substances that affect the activity of this receptor," said Dr. Chi-Sang Poon, a Principal Research Scientist in the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST) and first author of the paper. Such substances include alcohol, PCP (angel dust), and some common anesthetic and analgesic drugs such as ketamine.

Mutant mice lacking the receptor "couldn't breathe or suckle well," said Dr. Poon, who noted that these symptoms are common in premature babies and are risk factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. "Our study indicates a possible connection between abnormal receptor activity and problems in newborns," he said, although he stressed that more studies are needed to clarify this. Dr. Poon's coauthors are Zhongren Zhou, a former HST postdoctoral fellow, and Jean Champagnat of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in France.

Surprise finding

In a twist that took the researchers by surprise, they also found that a lack of this receptor led to high amounts of longterm synaptic depression (LTD), an activity linked to learning and memory. The kicker: the increased LTD was found in the brainstem, an area of the brain not usually associated with such "higher-level" functions.

"Conventional wisdom is that the brainstem coordinates lower behaviors like breathing and other vital functions, while the forebrain handles intelligence," Dr. Poon explained. "The discovery in the brainstem of activity associated with learning supports my argument that there's also a lot of intelligence going on beneath our conscious being."

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is key to the communication of a chemical signal between two nerve cells. That process, repeated between many cells, "is how a signal is propagated through the brain," Dr. Poon said. The effectiveness of the transmission between cells can change, or be modified, over time. "That plasticity is widely thought to be the basis for learning and memory," Dr. Poon said. "If the modification lasts for a long time, you remember!"

Because it is so involved in this process, the NMDA receptor has been of interest to scientists studying learning and memory. To that end, a few years ago MIT biology professor and Nobel laureate Susumu Tonegawa developed mutant mice lacking a key subunit of the NMDA receptor. "The idea was to see how knocking out the NMDA receptor affects the hippocampus on a cellular level, then how it affects learning and memory in the entire animal," Dr. Poon said.

Unexpected Hitch

There was an unexpected hitch: the animals died soon after birth. Professor Tonegawa and colleagues later solved the problem by restricting the NMDA knockout to a specific area of the brain rather than throughout the organ. "But I was always interested in exactly why the first animals were dying," Dr. Poon said. He and his colleagues explored a variety of potential reasons for the deaths.

Ultimately they found the answer: the lack of NMDA receptors during prenatal development led to fatal respiratory distress. (Normal newborn mice treated with drugs that block NMDA receptor activity did not have any respiratory problems.)

"This is the first indication that prenatal development of specific regions in the brain controlling vital functions is very much dependent on NMDA receptor activity, and a lack of NMDA receptor activity in the fetus could affect newborns' breathing after birth," Dr. Poon said. In addition, the unexpected increase in LTD in the brainstems of the mutant mice "shows that learning and memory at a subconscious level could profoundly influence our vital functions," Dr. Poon said.

The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the Office of Naval Research, and the Human Frontier Science Program.

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

• Pregnancy and Childbirth
• Infant's Health
• Birth Defects

• Intelligence
• Memory
• Educational Psychology

• Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia
• Excitotoxicity and cell damage
• Sensory neuron
• Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
• Neurotransmitter
• Histamine