The study results identified two themes: before death, abandonment worries related to loss of continuity of communication between patient and physician; and at the time death or after, the patient's family's feelings of abandonment from a lack of closure with the physician.

"Doctors often don't realize how important this issue is for patients and their families," said lead author Anthony Back, M.D., an expert on patient/physician communication. "Something as simple as a phone call can go a long way toward allaying abandonment concerns," he said.

The study found that physicians also reported a lack of closure when patients died, but they did not associate this with abandonment.

"At first glance, continuity and closure may seem mutually exclusive but these elements reflect different needs occurring at different times in the dying process," the authors write. "Early on, patients and family caregivers fear that their physicians, whose expertise and caring they have come to depend on, will become unavailable."

Near death or afterward, the patient's family may experience a lack of closure of their physician relationship. Physicians also report similar feelings. "Most physicians are not consciously aware of having abandoned their patients. Instead, they report a lack of closure or a feeling of unfinished business," Back said.

The paper contains many direct quotes from patient and physician participants who were asked to answer a series of questions about their perceptions and needs about continuity and closure.

For example, this is what one patient told the researchers about the impending loss of the relationship with the doctor: "I think that it's important that you still have that contact with them even though there isn't anything they can do to make you better."

Back and colleagues at the University of Washington School of Medicine lay out a simple plan for how physicians and nurses can achieve continuity and closure before and after a patient dies.

Before death, continuity can be achieved by assuring patients that they will be available to see them and by maintaining contact, often by phone, as death approaches. Closure can be addressed by anticipating and acknowledging the probable last visit with a patient. After a patient dies, the researchers recommend that physicians call the family caregiver as an act of closure.

For his own patients, Back said he schedules appointments to see patients after they enter hospice care or he calls them if they are too sick to come to the office. He also makes calls to say goodbye and talks to family members as well.

The authors say that this study is the first empirical research on the subject that provides a longitudinal, prospective view using ongoing interviews with doctors, nurses, patients and family caregivers that began at the time the patient had advanced disease and continued through death and into the beginning of bereavement.

"The significance of our study is that it provides empirical grounding for a central professional value of non-abandonment," said Back, also an affiliate member in the Clinical Research Division at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.

For the study, the authors recruited 31 Washington oncologists, pulmonologists and general internists. The doctors identified patients who were in the late stages of cancer or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Fifty-five patients participated in the study, as did 36 family members or friend caregivers. Twenty-five nurses also were recruited.

The National Institute of Nursing Research funded the research.

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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