"We hope to be able to apply our findings to cancer patients for diagnostic purposes and for treatment, and are beginning studies to determine the diagnostic potential," said Dr. David Lyden, a Memorial Sloan-Kettering pediatric oncologist and first author of the study. "There are monoclonal antibodies already developed that can recognize and block mobilized blood cells, preventing tumor growth and metastasis. These are also being studied as possible treatment options."

To identify the origin of cells that contributes to tumor angiogenesis, the researchers wanted to determine if there was a role for bone marrow-derived cells in initiating and maintaining a functioning tumor blood vessel. Study co-author Dr. Shahin Rafii, a vascular hematologist-oncologist at Weill Medical College of Cornell University, had shown that bone marrow-derived circulating endothelial precursor (CEP) cells are mobilized from the bone marrow to contribute to angiogenesis in wound healing. They used the findings from an earlier Memorial Sloan-Kettering study by Lyden and co-author, Dr. Robert Benezra published in the October 1999 issue of the journal Nature that demonstrated that two proteins, Id1 and Id3, are necessary to support and sustain tumor angiogenesis.

In this study, Id-deficient mice were transplanted with bone marrow cells from donor wild-type mice (normal mice) that were marked with a protein (B-galactosidase+), which allows them to turn blue when stained with a specific dye. Four weeks later, these mice were injected with either lymphoma cells or Lewis Lung Carcinoma cells (lung cancer cell lines). The transplanted mice developed widespread metastasis and died within 26 days, paralleling the tumor growth observed in wild-type animals.

Importantly, the blue bone marrow derived cells were seen in the vast majority of the vessels formed in the tumors. When the reverse experiment was done - putting Id-deficient marrow back into wild-type mice - there was a dramatic delay in the growth of the tumor. This showed that the bone marrow-derived cells could promote the formation of new blood vessels by tumors and may also be required for their formation.

"This is the first definitive proof that bone marrow contributes to the formation of functional blood vessels of certain tumors," said Dr. Shahin Rafii, one of the study's senior authors. "It increases our understanding of the mechanism by which anti-angiogenic agents block tumor growth, generating new targets for cancer therapy."

These findings raised the issue of which specific cells in the bone marrow are responsible for early angiogenesis. To determine this, the researchers tracked the bone marrow cells labeled with B-galactosidase+. A few days after the engraftment, bone marrow cells identified as circulating endothelial precursor cells by the blue enzymatic reaction to B-galactosidase+ became incorporated into the lining of tumor blood vessel cells. These cells expressed one of the VEGF receptors, VEGFR 2 that is critical for growth and survival of these cells. An unexpected finding was that hematopoietic precursor cells were also found to contribute to the formation of the blood vessel walls. These expressed a different VEGF receptor, VEGFR 1.

So what is the role of VEGF in signaling bone marrow-derived precursor cells and is it necessary and sufficient for new tumor angiogenesis? This study found increased VEGF levels in the blood of wild type mice with tumors caused VEGFR1+ hematopoietic cells and VEGFR2+ circulating endothelial precursor cells to move into circulation and create early blood vessels. Tumors were then targeted either with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to VEGFR1 alone; with monoclonal antibodies to VEGFR2 alone; and to both. The targeting of either VEGFR1 or VEGFR2 partially blocked the growth of tumors. However, it was necessary to inhibit both VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 to completely block tumor formation. VEGFR1+ hematopoietic cells and VEGFR2+ circulating endothelial precursor cells were mobilized in wild-type mice but not in the Id deficient mice.

"This study provides further indication of the importance of the Id genes in cancer development. They are detected in both cancer cells and in mobilized circulating endothelial cells," said Dr. Benezra, head of a laboratory in the Cell Biology Program at Memorial Sloan-Kettering and one of the study's senior authors. "Presence of these circulating cells is a potential marker for early cancer detection. We hope that this assay could be useful for diagnosing minimal residual disease." The American Cancer Society, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, the Doris Duke Foundation, the Children's Brain Tumor Foundation, Imclone Systems, and Angiogenex funded this work.

Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center is the world's oldest and largest private institution devoted to prevention, patient care, research, and education in cancer. Our scientists and clinicians generate innovative approaches to better understand, diagnose and treat cancer. Our specialists are leaders in biomedical research and in translating the latest research to advance the standard of cancer care worldwide.

Weill Medical College Of Cornell University, founded in 1898, has long ranked among the leading medical schools in the U.S. From the beginning, the Medical College has followed an educational philosophy that combines a strong basic foundation in the medical sciences with extensive and early clinical training in patient care. Under Weill Cornell's innovative Strategic Plan for Research, its physicians and scientists are engaged in both basic and clinical research in the cutting-edge areas of genetics and gene therapy, neuroscience, structural biology, vascular biology, AIDS, cancer, and psychiatry, among many other fields. Together with Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and The Rockefeller University, its close neighbors and affiliates on York Avenue, Weill Cornell forms one of the great biomedical complexes in both the nation and the world.

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

• Leukemia
• Brain Tumor
• Stem Cells
• Cancer
• Lung Cancer
• Osteoporosis

• Metastasis
• Stem cell treatments
• Tumor
• Inflammation
• Transplant rejection
• Tumor suppressor gene