"African-American coaches have a more difficult time advancing in their field. So we set out to try to understand why," says Jacob Day, a Ph. D. student in sociology at NC State and lead author of the new paper. "We found that the paths to opportunity for white and black coaches are very different," explains Steve McDonald, assistant professor of sociology at NC State and co-author of the study.

The numbers illustrate the inequality among coaches at the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) level of college football -- formerly known as Division I-A. Approximately 10 percent of the 120 FBS head coaches are black, compared with almost 30 percent of the assistant coaches and more than 50 percent of the players. But why is this the case, and what can be done to create new opportunities for black assistant coaches?

The researchers looked at surveys from 320 FBS assistant coaches, 218 white and 102 black, which provided data on each coach's social networks -- the people that each coach knew had helped him in his career. One finding was that black coaches who reported having a large number of strong social ties in their networks were less likely to find opportunities for career advancement. However, white coaches who reported having many strong social ties were more likely to get new job opportunities.

"Weak social ties are better for black coaches because they indicate a broader range of contacts and, therefore, a broader range of potential opportunities," Day says. "Having weak ties can mean that a coach has contacts that run in many different social circles, so he may be more likely to learn about new job openings." However, most head coaches and coordinators are white, so white assistant coaches with strong ties to other white coaches are more likely to find greater career opportunities, Day says.

This finding is also reflected in research results showing that black coaches with a lot of ties to other black coaches were promoted less often than white coaches with a lot of ties to other white coaches. "Black football coaches improve their chances for professional advancement when they cultivate a diverse range of contacts, rather than focusing on the development of a close-knit network," McDonald says. Day adds that, "These results contradict the common perception that developing a strong network of black coaches will, by itself, lead to greater equality of opportunity in the college ranks."

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

• Racial Issues
• Social Psychology
• Relationships

• Educational Policy
• Racial Disparity
• Social Issues

• Charisma
• Tipping point
• Public health
• Inferiority complex
• Political science
• Human bonding