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Another clue in the mystery of autism

Date:
January 19, 2012
Source:
Northwestern University
Summary:
A study of discordant twins -- twins in which one has autism spectrum disorder and one doesn't -- finds the lower birth weight twins are more than three times as likely to have ASD than heavier twins. Though genetic effects are of major importance, say researchers, the study suggests a non-genetic influence associated with birth weight may contribute to development of ASD.
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Although the genetic basis of autism is now well established, a growing body of research also suggests that environmental factors may play a role in this serious developmental disorder affecting nearly one in 100 children. Using a unique study design, a new study suggests that low birth weight is an important environmental factor contributing to the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

"Our study of discordant twins -- twin pairs in which only one twin was affected by ASD -- found birth weight to be a very strong predictor of autism spectrum disorder," said Northwestern University researcher Molly Losh. Losh, who teaches and conducts research in Northwestern's School of Communication, is lead author of the study that will be published in the journal Psychological Medicine and is now available online.

Prior twin studies have shown that when one identical twin had ASD, the other twin was much more likely to have ASD than not. "Because identical twins share virtually 100 percent of their genes, this is strong evidence for the role of genetics in autism," said Losh. "Yet it is not 100 percent the case that ASD affects both identical twins in a twin pair."

"That only one twin is affected by ASD in some identical twin pairs suggests that environmental factors may play a role either independently or in interaction with autism risk genes," she added. "And because autism is a developmental disorder impacting brain development early on, it suggests that prenatal and perinatal environmental factors may be of particular importance."

The researchers found that lower birth weight more than tripled the risk for autism spectrum disorder in identical twin pairs in which one twin had ASD and the other did not.

To control for shared genetic and environmental factors, the researchers used a co-twin control study design in which the ASD-affected twin served as the case and the unaffected twin served as the control. They found the risk for autism spectrum disorder rose 13 percent for every 100 gram- (3.5 ounce-) decrease in birth weight.

"There's been a great deal of misinformation about the causes of autism -- from the 1950s misconception that the distant maternal behavior of what were dubbed "refrigerator mothers" was at fault to the ill-informed myth that vaccines can cause autism," said Losh.

Losh and her colleagues' findings add to a growing body of knowledge about the complex causes of autism and suggest that birth weight could be one of the environmental features that interacts with underlying genetic predisposition to autism.

Losh, who directs Northwestern's Neurodevelopmental Disabilities Laboratory, warned that the findings from twin studies might not extend to singletons, as the prenatal and perinatal conditions for twins and singletons differ in important ways.

The researchers studied a population-based sample of 3,725 same-sex twin pairs that were part of the Swedish Twin Registry's Child and Adolescent Twin Study that was directed by Paul Lichtenstein of Sweden's Karolinska Institute. The discordant twins they studied were pairs in which one twin was more than 400 grams (about 14 ounces) or at least 15 percent heavier at birth than the other.

In addition to Lichtenstein, Losh -- the Jane Steiner Hoffman and Michael Hoffman Assistant Professor of Communication Sciences and Disorders -- co-authored "Lower birth weight indicates higher risk of autistic traits in discordant twins," with D. Esserman and P.F. Sullivan (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), H. Anckarsater (Lund University, Sweden) and P. Lichtenstein (Karolinska Institute, Sweden).


Story Source:

Materials provided by Northwestern University. Original written by Wendy Leopold. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. M. Losh, D. Esserman, H. Anckarsäter, P. F. Sullivan, P. Lichtenstein. Lower birth weight indicates higher risk of autistic traits in discordant twin pairs. Psychological Medicine, 2011; 1 DOI: 10.1017/S0033291711002339

Cite This Page:

Northwestern University. "Another clue in the mystery of autism." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 19 January 2012. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120119143334.htm>.
Northwestern University. (2012, January 19). Another clue in the mystery of autism. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 28, 2024 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120119143334.htm
Northwestern University. "Another clue in the mystery of autism." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/01/120119143334.htm (accessed March 28, 2024).

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