Previous research has linked maternal drinking during pregnancy to several problems in offspring, including conduct problems, criminal behavior, attention and impulsivity problems and alcohol disorders, according to background information in the article. However, new questions have been raised about the strength of the evidence, as some researchers have suggested that certain family processes or genetic risk factors could be associated with both maternal drinking and childhood problems.

Brian M. D'Onofrio, Ph.D., of Indiana University, Bloomington, and colleagues analyzed data from 4,912 mothers who enrolled in a large national survey in 1979. Yearly through 1994 and then every other year through 2004, the women answered questions about their substance use during each of their pregnancies. Beginning in 1986, 8,621 of their offspring were also assessed every other year between ages 4 and 11 for behavioral problems.

For each additional day per week that mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy, their children had an increase in conduct problems. This association remained even after factoring in other variables such as the mothers' drug use during pregnancy, education level or intellectual ability.

Children whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy also had more attention and impulsivity problems than unrelated children whose mothers did not drink. However, siblings whose mother drank more frequently during one pregnancy had the same level of difficulty with attention and impulsivity.

"These results are consistent with prenatal alcohol exposure exerting an environmentally mediated causal effect on childhood conduct problems, but the relation between prenatal alcohol exposure and attention and impulsivity problems is more likely to be caused by other factors correlated with maternal drinking during pregnancy," they continue. These other factors may include the use of tobacco, illegal drugs and other substances in addition to alcohol.

D'Onofrio said the study was able to rule out a host of other explanations for the conduct problems in part because the study included multiple children per mother, which allowed researchers to look at siblings who were exposed differently to alcohol prenatally because their mothers varied their drinking during different pregnancies. The study found that children more frequently exposed to alcohol during pregnancy had more conduct problems than their siblings who were exposed to less prenatal alcohol.

D'Onofrio and his co-authors wrote that prevention efforts should continue targeting alcohol consumption during pregnancies.

"What's most concerning now is that a large number of women in their child-bearing years are drinking when they don't realize that they're pregnant," D'Onofrio said.

"The findings thus support a strong inference that prenatal alcohol exposure causes an increased risk of offspring conduct problems through environmental processes," the authors conclude. "Therefore, prevention efforts should continue to target alcohol consumption during pregnancy."

Journal reference: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(11):1296-1304.

This research was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (co-author Dr. Lahey).

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

• Pregnancy and Childbirth
• Birth Defects
• Teen Health

• Alcoholism
• Addiction
• Child Psychology

• Nutrition and pregnancy
• Stillbirth
• Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
• Postpartum depression
• Maternal bond
• Adult attention-deficit disorder