"The findings show that trauma from a mother's past, which does not directly impact her pregnancy, will affect her offspring's emotional and social behavior. We should consider whether such effects occur in humans too," stated Prof. Micah Leshem, who carried out the study.

The effects of trauma that a mother experienced in the course of pregnancy are known from earlier research, but until now the influence of adversity before conception has not been examined. The present research, carried out by Prof. Micah Leshem and Alice Shachar-Dadon of the University of Haifa and Prof. Jay Schulkin of the Georgetown University School of Medicine, is the first to examine these influences.

The researchers chose to investigate rats, as social mammals with cerebral activity that is similar in many ways to that of humans. The present study examined three groups of rats: one group was put through a series of stress-inducing activities two weeks before mating, allowing the female time to recover before becoming pregnant; the second group was similarly treated over the course of a week immediately prior to mating; and the third, control group, were not given any form of stress. When the rats' offspring reached maturity (at 60 days), the researchers examined their emotional behavior – anxiety and depression – and social behavior.

The main finding revealed that trauma experienced by the females prior to conception had varied effects on the offspring. According to Prof. Leshem, these effects varied between groups and between male and female offspring; but their behavior was without doubt different from that of the rats from the control group.

All the offspring of stressed mothers showed reduced social contact compared with that of the control mothers' offspring: these rats spent less time with one another and interacted less. In other tests, there were important sex differences. The female rats displayed more symptoms of anxiety, while the males exhibited less anxiety. Finally, those rats whose mothers became pregnant immediately after being stressed were hyperactive, indicating that how long before pregnancy adversity is experienced, is also important.

"Everyone knows that smoking harms the fetus and therefore a mother must not smoke during pregnancy. The findings of the present study show that adversity from a mother's past, even well before her pregnancy, does affect her offspring, even when they are adult. We should be prepared for analogous effects in humans: for example, in children born to mothers who may have been exposed to war well before becoming pregnant," Prof. Leshem concluded.

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

• Pregnancy and Childbirth
• Gynecology

• Anxiety
• Psychiatry

• Mating and Breeding
• Behavioral Science

• Emotional detachment
• Fertility
• Maternal bond
• Psychological trauma
• Hinny
• Stillbirth