New metabolic markers may predict preeclampsia in early pregnancy

Preeclampsia is a life-threatening condition characterized by high blood pressure and high levels of protein in the urine. The condition is thought to begin in early pregnancy with defective development of the placenta but most often does not show symptoms until the second half of pregnancy. Preeclampsia can endanger the lives of both mother and child and is a leading cause of maternal death, researchers said.

"Everything we know about this condition suggests women do not become sick and present with preeclampsia until late in pregnancy, but the condition originates in early pregnancy," said Louise C. Kenny, M.D., Ph.D., the study lead and professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the Anu Research Center, University College Cork, in Cork, Ireland. "To develop effective treatment and prevention strategies -- our ultimate goal -- we need to be able to start treatment in early pregnancy. We need to be able to tell who is at risk and who is not."

Researchers studied women in SCOPE (Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints), an international trial of approximately 7,000 women with first-time pregnancies which aims to predict and prevent the major diseases of late pregnancy.

In the case control study, researchers first discovered and evaluated the detection rate of the test in women at 15 weeks' gestation with low risk of preeclampsia in Auckland, New Zealand. The 60 fit, healthy, first-time pregnant women (average age 30) later developed preeclampsia. They were matched with a control group of 60 women.

The study's second phase validated the initial findings in an entirely different group of women in Adelaide, Australia. These women were younger, with an average age of 22-23 and were ethnically more diverse compared to the predominantly Caucasian group in New Zealand. Thirty-nine women subsequently developed preeclampsia later after the early test. There were 40 matched controls.

The researchers are trying to simplify the technology to develop a single blood test for the bedside that will be cheap and readily accessible to hospitals everywhere.

"In the next five years our aim is to develop a simple blood test that will be available to all pregnant women that will detect the risk of preeclampsia in early pregnancy," said Phil Baker M.D., co-investigator of the study and Dean of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Alberta.

In the United States and in the developed world, preeclampsia affects 4 percent to 5 percent of pregnant women, but may reach 10 percent in the developing world. The World Health Organization estimates that from 100,000 to 200,000 women die each year as a direct cause of preeclampsia.

Co-authors are David I. Broadhurst, Ph.D.; Warwick Dunn, Ph.D.; Marie Brown, Ph.D.; Robyn A. North, M.D.; Lesley McCowan, M.D.; Clare Roberts, Ph.D.; Garth G. S. Cooper, Ph.D.; Douglas H. Kell, Ph.D.; and Philip N. Baker, M.D. Funding and individual author disclosures are on the manuscript.