Andrew Oswald, an economics professor at the University of Warwick, and co-author of the study, described the results as concerning, he said: "Antidepressants are a relatively new kind of commodity. We are only starting to get proper data on who takes them. But as we live in the richest and safest era in the history of humans, perhaps we are going to have to ask ourselves why one in ten of Europe's middle-aged citizens need a pill to cope with life. That is an awful lot of people relying on chemical happiness."

In detail, the authors of the report find:

(i) One in thirteen of adult European citizens -- and 10% of middle-aged Europeans -- took an antidepressant in the previous twelve months;

(ii) The rates of antidepressant use are markedly greatest in Portugal, but also noticeably higher than the European norm in Lithuania, France and the UK;

(iii) The probability of taking an antidepressant is greatest among those middle-aged, female, unemployed, with low levels of education, and divorced or separated;

(iv) A strong hill-shaped age pattern is found -- both for males and females and in Western and Eastern Europe -- that peaks in people's late 40s. The study adjusts for whether individuals have young children, so children are not the cause of the midlife low in well-being.

(v) This pattern is consistent with, and independently helps corroborate, the recent finding across the world that happiness and mental health follow an approximate U-shape through life. The scientific explanation for that midlife low is still unknown.

The new study "Antidepressants and Age," is authored by by David G. Blanchflower and Andrew J. Oswald.

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

• Healthy Aging
• Children's Health
• Elder Care

• Child Psychology
• Child Development
• Educational Psychology

• Antidepressant
• Stimulant
• Fertility
• Child
• Psychopharmacology
• Seasonal affective disorder