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ShareMar. 18, 2013 — Newly identified mutations in a gene that makes cells immortal appear to play a pivotal role in three of the most common types of brain tumors, as well as cancers of the liver, tongue and urinary tract, according to research led by Duke Cancer Institute.
The finding, published Monday, March 18, 2013, in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, provides a long-sought answer to how some malignant cells are able to proliferate, while normal cells peter out and die.
This key to immortality involves telomeres, the end tabs that protect chromosomes from sticking together or fraying. As normal cells divide, the telomeres gradually grow shorter until they become so short the cell stops dividing and it expires. An enzyme called telomerase serves as a sort of growth factor, temporarily maintaining the length of the telomeres and enabling the cell to continue proliferating.
Scientists have recently learned that mutations of the so-called TERT promoter gene, which controls the instructions for making the telomerase enzyme, is involved in some cancer tumors. It appears that a mutation of the TERT promoter gene essentially creates a constant growth spurt so that the telomeres never shorten, and the cells can divide forever. Earlier this year, the process was described as a leading contributor to melanomas and a small number of other tumors.
The current research expands those findings by analyzing more than 1,200 tumors across 60 different types of cancer. Led by Hai Yan, M.D., PhD, a professor of pathology and investigator with Duke's Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, the research team includes collaborators at Johns Hopkins and multiple other institutions.
The researchers found almost no TERT promoter mutations in many major cancer types, including breast and prostate malignancies, suggesting that some yet-unknown factor is causing the telomeres to elongate and promote cell immortality in those diseases.
But the Duke-led research team also identified nine tumor types highly associated with TERT promoter mutations. These cancers generally share a common feature: they arise in tissues with relatively low rates of cell renewal, suggesting they require the mutation to trigger the abnormal telomerase production.
These cancer types include melanomas, liposarcomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary tract, squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue, medulloblastomas, and subtypes of gliomas, including 83 percent of primary glioblastomas, the most common brain tumor in adults with a median survival of only 15 months.
"The results in brain tumors were quite striking," said Patrick J. Killela, co-lead author of the study and a Duke graduate student. "For primary glioblastoma, this is the most frequent genetic mutation yet identified in this tumor."
Four years ago, Yan's laboratory at Duke identified critical gene mutations associated with glioblastoma. But those mutations -- in the IDH1 and IDH2 genes -- were found only in rare glioblastomas that arose from other, lower-grade tumors known as astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. The main cancer-causing mutation for the other primary glioblastomas remained elusive.
"Now we see this," said Zachary J. Reitman, Ph.D., an associate in research at Duke and co-lead author of the study. "This is a major discovery in brain tumors, because this single mutation can now distinguish one tumor from another -- and these are tumors that are difficult to classify with a typical pathology test. For primary glioblastoma, the TERT mutation is remarkably common, while for astrocytomas, it is rare. Using both IDH1 and TERT, we can greatly improve diagnosis and prognosis."
Yan said the TERT mutations also provide a biomarker that may be useful for early detection of urinary tract and liver tumors. The finding provides new targets for drug development.
"Cancer is very smart to have figured out a way to use a mechanism to live longer," Yan said. "Now that we know how it operates in these tumor types, we might be able to beat it at its own game."
In addition to Yan, Killela and Reitman, study authors include Allan H. Friedman, Henry Friedman, Yiping He, B. Ahmed Rasheed, Roger E. McLendon and Darell D. Bigner at Duke; Yuchen Jiao, Chetan Bettegowda, Nishant Agrawal, Luis A. Diaz, Jr. Gary Gallia, Ralph H. Hruban, George I. Jallo, Alan K. Meeker, George Netto, Gregory J. Riggins, Ie-Ming Shih, Michael S. Torbenson, Victor E. Velculescu, Tian-Li Wang, Laura D. Wood, Ming Zhang, Nikolas Papadopoulos, Kenneth W. Kinzler and Bert Vogelstein of Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions; Beppino C. Giovanella of the Christus Stehlin Foundation for Cancer Research; Arthur P. Grollman and Thomas Rosenquist of Stony Brook University; Tong-Chuan He of the University of Chicago Medical Center; Nils Mandahl and Fredrik Mertens of Lund University Hospital, Sweden; Mark Schiffman and Nicolas Wentzensen of the National Cancer Institute; and Dan Theodorescu the University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center.
Funding support was provided in part by The Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation Institute, American Cancer Society Research Scholar Award; the National Cancer Institute (5R01-CA140316, 5P50 CA108785, CA121113, CA075115, CA104106, CA057345, CA129825, CA43460, CA57345, CA62924, ES04068, N01-CN-43309, and R37 011898); and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (5P50 NS20023). Additional supporters are listed in the full text of the study.
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