Saeideh Esmaeili, who graduated from UW's Program in Ecology in December 2020 and is now a postdoctoral assistant at Colorado State University, is the lead author of a paper that appears in the journal Ecology Letters. It explores the foraging behavior of 30 species of ungulates across North America, Europe, Africa and the Middle East, ranging from elk and mule deer in Wyoming to gazelles, impalas, reindeer, wildebeest, wild asses and zebras.

"By combining GPS relocations with remotely sensed data on forage characteristics and surface water, we quantified the effect of body size and digestive system in determining movements of 30 populations of ungulates," Esmaeili says.

Other UW researchers who participated are Shannon Albeke, Jeff Beck, Jake Goheen, Matt Kauffman and Jerod Merkle, along with Hall Sawyer, of Laramie-based Western EcoSystems Technology Inc. Goheen was Esmaeili's Ph.D. adviser.

The research adds nuance to a long-held hypothesis that ungulates choose to forage on grasses and other plants when the vegetation is at an intermediate stage of growth, so as to maximize energy intake. This is called the "forage maturation hypothesis." Plants are most digestible at the beginning of the growing season; however, because they are small during this time, biomass is low. As plants mature, they gain biomass, but they become harder to digest.

The ungulates that were part of this study include both ruminants, such as deer and elk, which acquire nutrients by fermenting plants in a specialized stomach prior to digestion; and equids, such as horses and zebras, which don't have such specialized stomachs.

Most notably, the scientists found that smaller-bodied ruminants forage primarily for the highest energy intake, while equids -- which tend to be larger -- choose to forage in areas close to surface water, with less attention to forage condition. That's likely because equids don't conserve water as efficiently as ruminants and proportionally excrete more water. The research also confirmed that ruminants' ability to process higher-biomass forage increases with the species' size.

A primary conclusion of the research is that, while the forage maturation hypothesis largely holds true, there is some variation based upon ungulates' body size and digestive systems.

"The forage characteristics that influence population persistence of free-ranging ungulates should differ according to body size and digestive system, such that access to a combination of resource gradients is key to maintaining viable populations of diverse free-ranging ungulates across the globe," the scientists conclude.

Other institutions, organizations and agencies whose researchers participated in the project include Virginia Tech University; Yale University; the U.S. Geological Survey; Colorado State University; the University of Washington; the Wildlife Conservation Society; France's University of Montpellier; South Africa's University of Pretoria; Germany's Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre; Mongolia's Hustai National Park Trust; the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies; the University of British Columbia; the Minnesota Zoo; Iran's Isfahan University of Technology; Japan's Tottori University; the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; Austria's University of Veterinary Medicine; the Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences; the Mongolian Academy of Sciences; and the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute.

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Journal Reference:

1. Saeideh Esmaeili, Brett R. Jesmer, Shannon E. Albeke, Ellen O. Aikens, Kathryn A. Schoenecker, Sarah R. B. King, Briana Abrahms, Bayarbaatar Buuveibaatar, Jeffrey L. Beck, Randall B. Boone, Francesca Cagnacci, Simon Chamaillé‐Jammes, Buyanaa Chimeddorj, Paul C. Cross, Nandintsetseg Dejid, Jagdag Enkhbyar, Ilya R. Fischhoff, Adam T. Ford, Kate Jenks, Mahmoud‐Reza Hemami, Jacob D. Hennig, Takehiko Y. Ito, Petra Kaczensky, Matthew J. Kauffman, John D. C. Linnell, Badamjav Lkhagvasuren, John F. McEvoy, Joerg Melzheimer, Jerod A. Merkle, Thomas Mueller, Jeff Muntifering, Atle Mysterud, Kirk A. Olson, Manuela Panzacchi, John C. Payne, Luca Pedrotti, Geir R. Rauset, Daniel I. Rubenstein, Hall Sawyer, John. D. Scasta, Johannes Signer, Melissa Songer, Jared A. Stabach, Seth Stapleton, Olav Strand, Siva R. Sundaresan, Dorj Usukhjargal, Ganbold Uuganbayar, John M. Fryxell, Jacob R. Goheen. Body size and digestive system shape resource selection by ungulates: A cross‐taxa test of the forage maturation hypothesis. Ecology Letters, 2021; DOI: 10.1111/ele.13848