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Top Science News

August 12, 2023
Muon G-2 Doubles Down With Latest Measurement, Explores Uncharted Territory in Search of New Physics
Aug. 10, 2023 — Scientists working on Fermilab's Muon g-2 experiment released the world's most precise measurement yet of the magnetic moment of the muon, bringing particle physics closer to the ultimate showdown ...
A Climate-Orchestrated Early Human Love Story
Aug. 10, 2023 — A new study finds that past changes in atmospheric CO2 and corresponding shifts in climate and vegetation played a key role in determining when and where early human species ...
Researchers Engineer Bacteria That Can Detect Tumor DNA
Aug. 10, 2023 — Creating new technologically advanced sensors, scientists have engineered bacteria that detect the presence of tumor DNA in live organisms. Their innovation could pave the way to new biosensors capable of identifying various infections, cancers and ...
Scientists Reverse Hearing Loss in Mice
Aug. 10, 2023 — New research has successfully reversed hearing loss in mice. Scientists used a genetic approach to fix deafness in mice, restoring their hearing abilities in low and middle frequency ...
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Latest Top Headlines
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Researchers Identify 135 New Melanin Genes Responsible for Pigmentation
Aug. 11, 2023 — The skin, hair and eye color of more than eight billion humans is determined by the light-absorbing pigment known as melanin. New research has identified 135 new genes associated with ...
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Fat Burning During Exercise Varies Widely Between Individuals
Aug. 10, 2023 — The best heart rate for burning fat differs for each individual and often does not align with the 'fat burning zone' on commercial exercise machines, researchers report. Instead, the researchers said, clinical exercise testing -- a diagnostic procedure to measure a person's physiological response to exercise -- may be a more useful tool to help individuals achieve intended fat loss ...
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Common Cold Virus Linked to Potentially Fatal Blood Clotting Disorder
Aug. 10, 2023 — A new observation suggests that a life-threatening blood clotting disorder can be caused by an infection with adenovirus, one of the most common respiratory viruses in pediatric and adult ...
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Women Who Consumed Sugar Sweetened Beverage Daily Had Higher Risk of Developing Liver Cancer and Chronic Liver Disease
Aug. 8, 2023 — Approximately 65% of adults in the United States consume sugar sweetened beverages daily. Chronic liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and can result in liver cancer and liver disease-related mortality. Researchers looked at the association between intake of sugar-sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened ...
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Arrays of Quantum Rods Could Enhance TVs or Virtual Reality Devices
Aug. 11, 2023 — Using scaffolds of folded DNA, engineers assembled arrays of quantum rods with desirable photonic properties that could enable them to be used as highly efficient micro-LEDs for televisions or virtual reality ...
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Scientists Invent Smallest Known Way to Guide Light
Aug. 11, 2023 — Through a series of innovative experiments, scientists found that a sheet of glass crystal just a few atoms thick could trap and carry light. Not only that, but it was surprisingly efficient and could travel relatively long distances -- up to a centimeter, which is very far in the world of light-based ...
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Possible Seasonal Climate Patterns on Early Mars
Aug. 9, 2023 — New observations of mud cracks made by the Curiosity Rover show that high-frequency, wet-dry cycling occurred in early Martian surface environments, indicating that the red planet may have once seen seasonal weather patterns or even flash ...
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Webb Reveals Colors of Earendel, Most Distant Star Ever Detected
Aug. 9, 2023 — NASA's James Webb Space Telescope has followed up on observations by the Hubble Space Telescope of the farthest star ever detected in the very distant universe, within the first billion years after the big bang. Webb's NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) instrument reveals the star to be a massive B-type star more than twice as hot as our Sun, and about a million times more ...
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Tattoo Technique Transfers Gold Nanopatterns Onto Live Cells
Aug. 10, 2023 — For now, cyborgs exist only in fiction, but the concept is becoming more plausible as science progresses. And now, researchers are reporting that they have developed a proof-of-concept technique to 'tattoo' living cells and tissues with flexible arrays of gold nanodots and nanowires. With further refinement, this method could eventually be used to integrate smart devices with living tissue for ...
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Microplastics Found Embedded in Tissues of Whales and Dolphins
Aug. 10, 2023 — Microscopic plastic particles have been found in the fats and lungs of two-thirds of the marine mammals in a graduate student's study of ocean microplastics. The presence of polymer particles and fibers in these animals suggests that microplastics can travel out of the digestive tract and lodge in the ...
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How a Massive North Atlantic Cooling Event Disrupted Early Human Occupation in Europe
Aug. 10, 2023 — A new study finds that around 1.12 million years ago a massive cooling event in the North Atlantic and corresponding shifts in climate, vegetation and food resources disrupted early human occupation of ...
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The Positional Transmitter of Statoliths Unveiled: It Keeps Plants from Getting Lazy
Aug. 10, 2023 — Plants orient their organs in response to the gravity vector, with roots growing towards gravity and shoots growing in the opposite direction. The movement of statoliths responding to the inclination relative to the gravity vector is employed for gravity sensing in both plants and animals. However, in plants, the statolith takes the form of a ...
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Health News
August 12, 2023
Sweet Smell of Success: Simple Fragrance Method Produces Major Memory Boost
Aug. 1, 2023 — When a fragrance wafted through the bedrooms of older adults for two hours every night for six months, memories skyrocketed. Participants in this study reaped a 226% increase in cognitive capacity compared to the control group. The researchers say ...
Nuclear Spin's Impact on Biological Processes Uncovered
July 31, 2023 — Researchers have discovered that nuclear spin influences biological processes, challenging long-held beliefs. They found that certain isotopes behave differently in chiral environments, affecting oxygen dynamics and transport. This breakthrough ...
GPT-3 Can Reason About as Well as a College Student, Psychologists Report
July 31, 2023 — The artificial intelligence language model GPT-3 performed as well as college students in solving certain logic problems like those that appear on standardized tests. The researchers who conducted the experiment write that the results prompt the ...
Researchers Generate Human Embryo-Like Structures That Include Extraembryonic Tissue
July 20, 2023 — Gastrulation, the process where an embryo reorganizes itself from a hollow sphere into a multilayered structure, is considered a 'black box' of human development. This is because human embryos are ...
Latest Health Headlines
updated 10:46pm EDT
Researcher Pioneers Technique to Self-Assemble High-Performance Biomolecular Films
Aug. 10, 2023 — A research team has developed a novel technique to self-assemble a thin layer of amino acids with ordered orientation over a large area that demonstrates high piezoelectric strength, making the manufacturing of biocompatible and biodegradable medical microdevices, such as pacemaker and implantable biosensor, in the near future ...
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The Protein Protectors of Fertility
Aug. 9, 2023 — Researchers clarified the interactions of the proteins Tejas (Tej), Vasa (Vas), and Spindle-E (Spn-E) in the formation of cellular compartments known as nuage and the processing of PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) precursors in Drosophila melanogaster ovaries. piRNAs help prevent the transmission of genetic mutations through reproductive cells, and insight into the dynamics of piRNA formation and ...
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Infant Formula Safety Checks Can Be Improved With Stratified Sampling
Aug. 11, 2023 — Producers of infant formula employ comprehensive food safety systems, including product testing to ensure those systems are working. A new study finds that some testing methods are more powerful at catching contaminants than ...
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Forensics: Interdisciplinary Team Studies Decomposition Effects on Soil
Aug. 11, 2023 — A multidisciplinary team -- engineers, soil scientists, and biologists -- digs in with them for a deeper look at what happens to the soil underneath a decomposing ...
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Using the Body's 'Invisible Scalpel' to Remove Brain Cancer
Aug. 11, 2023 — Scientists discovered that anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy extended the lives of mice with glioblastoma by causing specialized CD4+ T immune cells to 1) infiltrate the brain and 2) tell brain-resident immune cells called microglia to destroy tumor cells. Their findings show the benefit of harnessing the body's own immune cells to fight brain cancer and could lead to more effective ...
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Playing Tackle Football May Increase the Risk for Parkinson's Disease
Aug. 11, 2023 — Identification of risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD) is essential for early diagnosis. Dating back to the 1920s, Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism -- an umbrella term that refers to motor symptoms found in Parkinson's disease and also other conditions -- have long been described in boxers. Repetitive head impacts from tackle football can also have long-term neurological consequences ...
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Engineered Probiotic Developed to Treat Multiple Sclerosis
Aug. 9, 2023 — Researchers have designed a probiotic to suppress autoimmunity in the brain, which occurs when the immune system attacks the cells of the central nervous ...
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New Orally Available Drug for Spinal Cord Injury Found to Be Safe and Tolerable in Healthy Participants
Aug. 10, 2023 — New research has demonstrated the safety and tolerability of a new drug treatment designed as a therapeutic intervention for spinal cord injury ...
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Effectiveness of Video Gameplay Restrictions Questioned in New Study
Aug. 10, 2023 — Legal restrictions placed on the amount of time young people in China can play video games may be less effective than originally thought, a new study has ...
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Indicator of PFAS Found in Some -- But Not All -- Period Products
Aug. 11, 2023 — Period product labels don't usually list the ingredients, so consumers don't know what's in their product of choice. Now, researchers have analyzed over 100 period products for fluorinated compounds, an indicator of potentially harmful per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS. Their results show that while PFAS are absent from many products, they might be accidentally or intentionally added ...
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Font Size Can 'Nudge' Customers Toward Healthier Food Choices
Aug. 10, 2023 — Restaurants can persuade patrons to choose healthier foods by adjusting the font size of numbers attached to nutritional information on menus, according to a recent study. U.S. restaurants with more than 20 locations are already required to show the calorie content of food on their menus. By representing these values incongruously -- using physically larger numbers on the page when they're ...
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Perils of Not Being Attractive or Athletic in Middle School
Aug. 10, 2023 — Life is harder for adolescents who are not attractive or athletic. New research shows low attractive and low athletic youth became increasingly unpopular over the course of a school year, leading to subsequent increases in their loneliness and alcohol misuse. As their unpopularity grows, so do their problems. Put simply, the peer group punishes those who do not have highly valued traits such as ...
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Physical/Tech News
August 12, 2023
Sun 'Umbrella' Tethered to Asteroid Might Help Mitigate Climate Change
July 31, 2023 — Earth is rapidly warming and scientists are developing a variety of approaches to reduce the effects of climate change. An astronomer has proposed a novel approach -- a solar shield to reduce the amount of sunlight hitting Earth, combined with a ...
Energy-Storing Supercapacitor from Cement, Water, Black Carbon
July 31, 2023 — Engineers have created a 'supercapacitor' made of ancient, abundant materials, that can store large amounts of energy. Made of just cement, water, and carbon black (which resembles powdered charcoal), the device could form the basis for inexpensive ...
New Chemical Process Makes It Easier to Craft Amino Acids That Don't Exist in Nature
July 31, 2023 — Chemists describe a powerful new way to create new-to-nature, 'unnatural' amino acids, which could find use in protein-based therapies and open up novel branches of organic ...
Listen to a Star 'Twinkle'
July 27, 2023 — Many people know that stars appear to twinkle because our atmosphere bends starlight as it travels to Earth. But stars also have an innate 'twinkle' -- caused by rippling waves of gas on their surfaces -- that is imperceptible to current Earth-bound ...
Latest Physical/Tech Headlines
updated 10:46pm EDT
New Recycling Process Could Find Markets for 'Junk' Plastic Waste
Aug. 11, 2023 — Although many Americans dutifully deposit their plastic trash into the appropriate bins each week, many of those materials, including flexible films, multilayer materials and a lot of colored plastics, are not recyclable using conventional mechanical recycling methods. In the end, only about 9 percent of plastic in the United States is ever reused, often in low-value products. With a new ...
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Zentropy and the Art of Creating New Ferroelectric Materials
Aug. 11, 2023 — Systems in the Universe trend toward disorder, with only applied energy keeping the chaos at bay. The concept is called entropy, and examples can be found everywhere: ice melting, campfire burning, water boiling. Zentropy theory, however, adds another level to the ...
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Researchers 'Film' Novel Catalyst at Work
Aug. 11, 2023 — A novel catalysis scheme enables chemical reactions that were previously virtually impossible. The method is also environmentally friendly and does not require rare and precious metals. The researchers recorded the exact course of the catalysis in a kind of high-speed film. They did this using special lasers that can make processes visible that last only fractions of a billionth of a second. The ...
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Materials Research: Biocatalytic Foams of Tremendous Stability and Activity
Aug. 10, 2023 — Industrial biocatalysis with enzymes is deemed to be a 'game changer' in the development of a sustainable chemical industry. Enzymes can be used to synthesize an impressive range of complex molecules, including pharmaceutical substances, under environmentally compatible conditions. Researchers have now developed a new class of materials by producing enzyme foams of tremendous stability and ...
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Hundred-Year Storms? That's How Long They Last on Saturn
Aug. 11, 2023 — Megastorms regularly appear on Saturn, marring the relatively bland surface before disappearing. But radio observations show that the storms have long-lasting effects deeper in the atmosphere, in particular in the distribution of ammonia. Using NRAO's Very Large Array, astronomers see such impacts from storms that happened hundreds of years ago. The findings will help explain the differences ...
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Could Artificially Dimming the Sun Prevent Ice Melt?
Aug. 11, 2023 — With methods of so-called geoengineering, the climate could theoretically be artificially influenced and cooled. Researchers have now investigated whether it would be possible to prevent the melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet by artificially 'dimming the sun'. The results show that artificial influence does not work without decarbonization and entails high ...
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After Seventeen Years, a Spacecraft Makes Its First Visit Home
Aug. 10, 2023 — On Aug. 12, 2023, NASA's STEREO-A spacecraft will pass between the Sun and Earth, marking the first Earth flyby of the nearly 17-year-old mission. The visit home brings a special chance for the spacecraft to collaborate with NASA missions near Earth and reveal new insights into our closest ...
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Physicists Demonstrate How Sound Can Be Transmitted Through Vacuum
Aug. 9, 2023 — A classic movie was once promoted with the punchline: 'In space, no one can hear you scream'. Physicists have now demonstrated, to the contrary, that in certain situations sound can be transmitted strongly across a vacuum ...
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A Roadmap to Help AI Technologies Speak African Languages
Aug. 11, 2023 — From text-generating ChatGPT to voice-activated Siri, artificial intelligence-powered tools are designed to aid our everyday life -- as long as you speak a language they support. These technologies are out of reach for billions of people who don't use English, French, Spanish or other mainstream languages, but researchers in Africa are looking to change that. Scientists now draw a roadmap to ...
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Turning Big Data Into Better Breeds and Varieties: Can AI Help Feed the Planet?
Aug. 9, 2023 — Artificial intelligence could hold the key to feeding 10 billion people by 2050 in the face of climate change and rapidly evolving pests and pathogens according to ...
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Tool Finds Bias in State-of-the-Art Generative AI Model
Aug. 10, 2023 — Researchers introduce a new tool to measure bias in text-to-image AI generation models, which they have used to quantify bias in the state-of-the-art model Stable ...
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Turning ChatGPT Into a 'Chemistry Assistant'
Aug. 10, 2023 — Developing new materials requires significant time and labor, but some chemists are now hopeful that artificial intelligence (AI) could one day shoulder much of this burden. In a new study, a team prompted a popular AI model, ChatGPT, to perform one particularly time-consuming task: searching scientific literature. With that data, they built a second tool, a model to predict experimental ...
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Environment News
August 12, 2023
Whale-Like Filter-Feeding Discovered in Prehistoric Marine Reptile
Aug. 8, 2023 — A remarkable new fossil from China reveals for the first time that a group of reptiles were already using whale-like filter feeding 250 million years ...
Genome Analysis of 46,000-Year-Old Roundworm from Siberian Permafrost Reveals Novel Species
July 27, 2023 — Some organisms, such as tardigrades, rotifers, and nematodes, can survive harsh conditions by entering a dormant state known as 'cryptobiosis.' In 2018, researchers found two roundworms (nematode) ...
Gloomy Climate Calculation: Scientists Predict a Collapse of the Atlantic Ocean Current to Happen Mid-Century
July 25, 2023 — Important ocean currents that redistribute heat, cold and precipitation between the tropics and the northernmost parts of the Atlantic region will shut down around the year 2060 if current greenhouse ...
Greenland Melted Recently: High Risk of Sea Level Rise Today
July 21, 2023 — A large portion of Greenland was an ice-free tundra landscape -- perhaps covered by trees and roaming woolly mammoths -- in the recent geologic past (about 416,000 years ago), a new study shows. The results help overturn a previous view that much of ...
Latest Environment Headlines
updated 10:46pm EDT
Behind the Rind: New Genomic Insights Into Watermelon Evolution, Quality, and Resilience
Aug. 11, 2023 — Scientists have constructed a comprehensive 'super-pangenome' for watermelon and its wild relatives, uncovering beneficial genes lost during domestication that could improve disease resistance and fruit quality of this vital fruit ...
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Soil Microbiome, Earth's 'Living Skin' Under Threat from Climate Change
Aug. 11, 2023 — Using a novel method to detect microbial activity in biological soil crusts, or biocrusts, after they are wetted, a research team in a new study uncovered clues that will lead to a better understanding of the role microbes play in forming a living skin over many semi-arid ecosystems around the world. The tiny organisms -- and the microbiomes they create -- are threatened by climate ...
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Hidden Moles in Hidden Holes
Aug. 11, 2023 — An international team of scientists has for the first time identified two new underground mammals that could have been living, undetected, in eastern Turkey for up to 3 million years. They say it is rare to find new species of mammals today, and evidence that the true nature of biodiversity can be ...
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Evolving Elegance: Scientists Connect Beauty and Safeguarding in Ammonoid Shells
Aug. 11, 2023 — With 350 million years of evolution culminating in almost two centuries of scientific discourse, a new hypothesis emerges. Researchers propose a new explanation for why ammonoids evolved a highly elaborate, fractal-like geometry within their shells. Their analysis shows that the increasing complexity of shell structures provided a distinct ...
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Even Treated Wastewater Affects Our Rivers
Aug. 11, 2023 — Wastewater treatment plants are undoubtedly a great achievement. After all, they have made a significant contribution to improving the quality of natural waters. A study shows, however, that substances still manage to enter the water cycle that have an impact on the composition of the organisms living in ...
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Chemicals from Maize Roots Influence Wheat Yield
Aug. 11, 2023 — Maize roots secrete certain chemicals that affect the quality of soil. In some fields, this effect increases yields of wheat planted subsequent to maize in the same soil by more than 4%. While the findings from several field experiments show that these effects are highly variable, in the long term they may yet help to make the cultivation of grains more sustainable, without the need for ...
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Novel Machine-Learning Method Produces Detailed Population Trend Maps for 550 Bird Species
Aug. 9, 2023 — Scientists have developed a novel way to model whether the populations of more than 500 bird species are increasing or decreasing. The method solves a nagging statistical problem by accounting for year-to-year changes in the behavior of people collecting the ...
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Global Consortium Creates Large-Scale, Cross-Species Database and Universal 'Clock' to Estimate Age in All Mammalian Tissues
Aug. 10, 2023 — An international research team details changes in DNA that researchers found are shared by humans and other mammals throughout history and are associated with life span and numerous other ...
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Drops of Seawater Contain Traces of an Ancient World
Aug. 9, 2023 — New research links chemical changes in seawater to volcanic activity and ...
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Fossil Feces Infested With Parasites from Over 200 Million Years Ago
Aug. 9, 2023 — Fossilized feces preserve evidence of ancient parasites that infected an aquatic predator over 200 million years ago, according to a new ...
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New Research Links Early Europeans' Cultural and Genetic Development Over Several Thousand Years
Aug. 9, 2023 — A new DNA study has nuanced the picture of how different groups intermingled during the European Stone Age, but also how certain groups of people were actually isolated. Researchers produced new genetic data from 56 Central and Eastern European individuals from the Stone ...
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Then Vs. Now: Did the Horn of Africa Reach a Drought Tipping Point 11,700 Years Ago?
Aug. 9, 2023 — If climate models predict that much of tropical Africa will become wetter with a warming climate, then why does it keep getting drier in the Horn of ...
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Society/Education News
August 12, 2023
Crawford Lake, Canada, Chosen as the Primary Marker to Identify the Start of the Anthropocene Epoch
July 11, 2023 — An international team of researchers has chosen the location which best represents the beginnings of what could be a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. The Anthropocene Working Group have put ...
The Ground Is Deforming, and Buildings Aren't Ready
July 11, 2023 — A new study has linked underground climate change to the shifting ground beneath urban areas. The phenomenon is affecting all major urban areas around the globe, causing civil structures and infrastructures to ...
Human Pangenome Reference Will Enable More Complete and Equitable Understanding of Genomic Diversity
May 10, 2023 — Scientists have released a draft of the first human pangenome -- a new, usable reference for genomics that combines the genetic material of 47 individuals from different ancestral backgrounds to ...
Global Research Reveals Countries Where Record-Breaking Heatwaves Are Likely to Cause Most Harm
Apr. 25, 2023 — A new study has highlighted under-prepared regions across the world most at risk of the devastating effects of scorching ...
Latest Society/Education Headlines
updated 10:46pm EDT
Study Ties Fracking to Another Type of Shaking
Aug. 10, 2023 — New research confirms fracking causes slow, small earthquakes or tremors, whose origin was previously a mystery to scientists. The tremors are produced by the same processes that could create large, damaging ...
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Over One Million Acres of Tribal Land Submerged by Dams in the US, Research Finds
Aug. 9, 2023 — Dam constructions have flooded over 1.13 million acres of tribal land in the U.S., contributing to the historic and ongoing struggle against land dispossession for Indigenous peoples in the United States. New research has identified that a region of tribal land larger than the state of Rhode Island has been submerged by dams in the U.S. The ...
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US Municipal Bond Market Pricing May Be Biased by Race, Unphased by Climate Risk
Aug. 9, 2023 — New research suggests that the US municipal bond market systemically misprices risk, as the pricing of municipal debt does not account for local physical climate risk, but does demand larger credit spreads from communities with a larger proportion of Black ...
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Land-Sea Relationship Is Major Driver of Coral Reef Health Outcomes
Aug. 9, 2023 — New research indicates that mitigating both local land and sea-based human impacts, especially in terms of pollutants and over-fishing, provides coral reef ecosystems with the best opportunity to persist under climate change. Along some highly populated areas on the shorelines of Hawai'i, wastewater pollution and urban runoff combine with fishing pressures to put immense stress on coral ...
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Dissecting the Anatomy of a 'Superheroic' Science Class
Aug. 9, 2023 — What do superheroes Deadpool and Elastigirl have in common? Each was used in a college anatomy class to add relevance to course discussions -- Deadpool to illustrate tissue repair and Elastigirl, aka Mrs. Incredible, as an example of hyperflexibility. Instructors created a 'SuperAnatomy' course in an attempt to improve the experience of undergraduate students learning the notoriously difficult -- ...
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Brain Mechanism That Drives Focus Despite Distractions
Aug. 9, 2023 — Neuroscientists find that key neurons in the front of the brain act as 'traffic control' to manage our attention to visual stimuli, and help us focus despite ...
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'Ebb and Flow' Brain Mechanism That Drives Learning Identified
Aug. 9, 2023 — Researchers have long thought that rewards like food or money encourage learning in the brain by causing the release of the 'feel-good' hormone dopamine, known to reinforce storage of new information. Now, a new study in rodents describes how learning still occurs in the absence of an immediate ...
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Classroom Environmental Education Doesn't Change Attitudes
Aug. 9, 2023 — Researchers evaluated the effectiveness of conservation educational activities in the Cape Verde Island of ...
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Workers Are Less Productive and Make More Typos in the Afternoon -- Especially on Fridays
Aug. 2, 2023 — A recent interdisciplinary study used a novel method of data collection -- computer usage metrics -- to show that employees are less active and more prone to mistakes on afternoons and Fridays, with Friday afternoon representing the lowest point of worker ...
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Efficient Discovery of Improved Energy Materials by a New AI-Guided Workflow
July 18, 2023 — Scientists have recently proposed a workflow that can dramatically accelerate the search for novel materials with improved properties. They demonstrated the power of the approach by identifying more than 50 strongly thermally insulating materials. These can help alleviate the ongoing energy crisis, by allowing for more efficient thermoelectric ...
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Successful Cooperation Depends on Good 'Mindreading' Abilities
July 13, 2023 — Researchers found that people with strong mind reading abilities -- the ability to understand and take the perspective of another person's feelings and intentions -- are more successful in cooperating to complete tasks than people with weaker mind reading ...
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GPT Detectors Can Be Biased Against Non-Native English Writers
July 10, 2023 — Researchers show that computer programs commonly used to determine if a text was written by artificial intelligence tend to falsely label articles written by non-native language speakers as AI-generated. The researchers caution against the use of such AI text detectors for their unreliability, which could have negative impacts on individuals including students and those applying for ...
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