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Unexpected cell repairs the injured spinal cord

Date:
July 7, 2011
Source:
Karolinska Institutet
Summary:
A new study has revealed how scar tissue is formed after damage to the central nervous system. For more than a century, scientists thought that glial cells were responsible for scar formation. Now, however, researchers have discovered that spinal cord scar tissue largely derives from a completely unexpected type of cell called a pericyte, opening new opportunities for the treatment of damaged nerve tissue.
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A study from Karolinska Institutet has revealed how scar tissue is formed after damage to the central nervous system. For more than a century, scientists thought that glial cells were responsible for scar formation; now, however, a paper published in Science shows that spinal cord scar tissue largely derives from a completely unexpected type of cell called a pericyte, opening new opportunities for the treatment of damaged nerve tissue.

Lesions to the brain or spinal cord rarely heal fully, which leads to permanent functional impairment. After injury to the central nervous system (CNS), neurons are lost and largely replaced by a scar often referred to as the glial scar based on its abundance of supporting glial cells. Although this process has been known to science for over a century, the function of the scar tissue has long been disputed. However, there are indications that it stabilizes the tissue and that it inhibits the re-growth of damaged nerve fibres.

In this present study, Professor Jonas Frisén and his team of researchers show that the majority of scar cells in the damaged spinal cord are not glial cells at all, but derive from pericytes, a small group of cells located along blood vessels. They reveal that these pericytes start to divide after an injury, giving rise to a mass of connective tissue cells that migrate towards the lesion to form a large portion of the scar tissue. Their paper also shows that these cells are needed to regain the tissue integrity, and that in the absence of this reaction, holes appear in the tissue instead of scarring.

For many years, scientists have tried to modulate scar formation after CNS damage in order to facilitate functional recovery, and have concentrated on glial cells. However, these new findings indicate a critical and previously unknown mechanism for scar formation following damage to the nerve system, and give reason for further investigation into whether the modulation of pericytes after CNS injury can stimulate functional recovery.


Story Source:

Materials provided by Karolinska Institutet. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. Christian Göritz, David O. Dias, Nikolay Tomilin, Mariano Barbacid, Oleg Shupliakov, Jonas Frisén. A Pericyte Origin of Spinal Cord Scar Tissue. Science, 2011; 333 (6039): 238-242 DOI: 10.1126/science.1203165

Cite This Page:

Karolinska Institutet. "Unexpected cell repairs the injured spinal cord." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 7 July 2011. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110707141155.htm>.
Karolinska Institutet. (2011, July 7). Unexpected cell repairs the injured spinal cord. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 19, 2024 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110707141155.htm
Karolinska Institutet. "Unexpected cell repairs the injured spinal cord." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110707141155.htm (accessed March 19, 2024).

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