"For every molecule of urea in urine, one mole (a chemical unit used to measure the quantity of a substance) of ammonium bicarbonate is produced along with one mole of ammonia, which could be used to absorb one mole of atmospheric CO₂," as explained by the author of the study, Manuel Jiménez Aguilar of the Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training of the Regional Government of Andalusia.

After absorbing the CO₂ another unit of ammonium bicarbonate is produced, which is used in China as a nitrogen fertilizer for 30 years. Jiménez Aguilar points out that "if applied to basic-calcium rich soils this would produce calcium carbonate thus encouraging gas-fixation in the ground.

To avoid the urine from decomposing, the researcher suggests the possibility of including a small proportion of olive waste water (a black, foul-smelling liquid obtained from spinning the ground olive paste). This acts as a preservative. The researcher confirms that "the urine-CO₂-olive waste water could be considered an NPK fertilizer (ammonia-nitrate-phosphorus-potassium)."

The result is that the urine mixed with a small percentage of olive waste water can absorb various grams of CO₂ per liter in a stable manner and over more than six months. According to Jiménez Aguilar, "CO₂ emissions could be reduced by 1%."

The fluid created can be inserted into domestic and industrial chimneys (reconverted into containers to accumulate the urine-olive waste water mixture) so that the greenhouse gas passes through the liquid, increasing the pressure exerted on the CO₂ and thus increasing its absorption capacity.

As the scientist makes clear "these containers or chimneys should have a urine filling and emptying system and a control system to detect when the mixture has become saturated with gas." When taken out of the chimney, the urine is stored in another container or can be channeled for its distribution and use as an agricultural fertilizer.

Making the most of urine

By applying this methodology as a greenhouse gas absorbent, the way in which industrialized countries use waste water and solid waste would never be the same again. The author hints that the whole water and waste treatment system would be reviewed to adapt newly built areas to a waste recycling and waste management system.

"In developing countries this nutrient recovery system could be implemented thanks to its environmental advantages," says the expert.

Furthermore, urine recycling in every home would allow for nutrients to be recovered, leading to a lesser need for artificial fertilizers. Jiménez emphasizes that "if urine and feces are recycled there and then, as much as 20 liters of water per person per day could be saved and this would reduce waste water treatment costs."

The study suggests that urine should be recycled for it to be used as fertilizer liquid and that feces should be treated with solid organic waste to produce compost or solid fertilizers. The researcher also states in another study that is pending publication that the urine-olive waste water mixture can also be used to reduce the CO₂ and NO_x emissions of vehicles.

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

• Water
• Hazardous Waste
• Recycling and Waste
• Environmental Science
• Environmental Issues
• Drought Research

• Fertilizer
• Soil pH
• Nitrogen
• Soil
• Waste
• Sea water