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Inventive new way to profile immune cells in blood

Date:
March 5, 2014
Source:
Brown University
Summary:
The specific proportions of immune cells in a blood sample form a profile that can indicate disease or exposure to a toxicant. A new epigenetic technique provides a reliable way to detect such profiles, even in archived blood where whole cells may no longer be intact. All the current means of counting immune cells in a blood sample require whole cells, but the new system relies on something far less ephemeral: DNA. Its use of hardy strands of genetic material allows it to handle even archived samples where cells have lost their physical integrity.
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When a person becomes sick or is exposed to an unwelcome substance, the body mobilizes specific proportions of different immune cells in the blood. Methods of discovering and detecting those profiles are therefore useful both clinically and in research. In a new paper in the journal Genome Biology, a team of scientists describes a new and uniquely advantageous way to detect them.

All the current means of counting immune cells in a blood sample require whole cells, said Karl Kelsey, professor of epidemiology at Brown and corresponding author, but the new system relies on something far less ephemeral: DNA. Its use of hardy strands of genetic material allows it to handle even archived samples where cells have lost their physical integrity.

All of a person's immune cells -- in fact, nearly all of their cells -- have exactly the same DNA, but what makes a kidney cell different from a brain cell or a T-cell distinct from a B-cell are chemical alterations known as epigenetic marks. Those cause a cell's genes to be expressed in the particular way that makes them different. One type of those alterations is methylation, and every kind of cell has its own methylation signature.

"Once you understand the unique and really immutable signature that directs the differentiation of the cell, then you can use that and you don't need the cell anymore," Kelsey said.

So the new test detects those methylation signatures in a blood sample and, with the help of sophisticated algorithms, counts up how many cells of each type are in the sample. In the experiments reported in the paper, Kelsey, lead author William Accomando, a postdoctoral research fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health, and colleagues counted up the following major immune cell types, or leukocytes: T-cells, B-cells, NK cells, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils.

Based on their tests using fresh human blood samples from more than 80 donors, they report that their technique's accuracy performed at par in a direct comparison with three "gold standard" methods: "manual five-part differential," "CBC with automated five-part differential," and "fluorescence activated cell sorting."

In further experiments they showed that their technique works to detect the mixtures of immune cells associated with known diseases and that the technique works with blood exposed to storage conditions such as freezing and the addition of anticoagulants.

Moreover, in their experiments the team showed that to distinguish among and count those various immune cell types, they only needed to measure a few dozen methylation marks in the DNA. What's sufficient to constitute a signature, in other words, can be quite short.

The main ingredients of the method, Kelsey said, are libraries of methylation signatures of cells. Kelsey's lab determined the ones needed for this study, but big new epigenetics research consortia in Europe and the United States are poised to produce many more, greatly expanding the versatility of the proprietary method to cover more immune cells and other cell types as well.

In addition to the algorithms and the libraries, the test also requires some hardware, such as commercially available methylation microarrays.

The method has proven feasible enough that many other epidemiology research labs are already using it, Kelsey said. Brown University has also applied for a patent on the technique. He said it has the potential to be cheaper and faster than current techniques, although he didn't measure that in the paper.


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Materials provided by Brown University. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. William P Accomando, John K Wiencke, E Andres Houseman, Heather H Nelson, Karl T Kelsey. Quantitative reconstruction of leukocyte subsets using DNA methylation. Genome Biology, 2014; 15 (3): R50 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2014-15-3-r50

Cite This Page:

Brown University. "Inventive new way to profile immune cells in blood." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 5 March 2014. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140305144759.htm>.
Brown University. (2014, March 5). Inventive new way to profile immune cells in blood. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 28, 2024 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140305144759.htm
Brown University. "Inventive new way to profile immune cells in blood." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/03/140305144759.htm (accessed March 28, 2024).

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