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First Gene-encoded Amphibian Toxin Isolated

Date:
August 26, 2009
Source:
American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Summary:
Researchers in China have discovered the first protein-based toxin in an amphibian -- a 60-amino-acid neurotoxin found in the skin of a Chinese tree frog. This finding may help shed more light into both the evolution of amphibians and the evolution of poison.
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Researchers in China have discovered the first protein-based toxin in an amphibian –a 60 amino acid neurotoxin found in the skin of a Chinese tree frog. This finding may help shed more light into both the evolution of amphibians and the evolution of poison.

While gene-encoded protein toxins have been identified in many vertebrate animals, including fish, reptiles and mammals, none have yet been found in amphibians or birds. In the case of poisonous amphibians, like the tropical poison dart frogs, their toxins are usually small chemicals like alkaloids that are extracted from insects and secreted onto the animal's skin.

Therefore, Ren Lai and colleagues were surprised to find a protein toxin while examining the secretions of the tree frog Hyla annectans. They then purified and characterized this new toxin, which they called anntoxin.

In protein sequence and structure, anntoxin was very similar to dendrotoxins (the venoms found in cobras and other mamba snakes) and cone snail toxins, though anntoxin only has two disulfide bridges (a strong link that helps keep proteins folded) compared to three in the other types. The slight differences may account for why anntoxin does not block potassium channels as the other venoms do, but rather sodium channels important for signaling in sensory nerves.

Like these other venoms, though, anntoxin is fast-acting and potent; the researchers found it could produce rapid convulsions, paralysis and respiratory distress in several would-be predators like snakes and birds.

The similarities and differences make anntoxin a very valuable protein for further study, considering amphibians' special niche as the animals bridging the evolutionary land-water gap.


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Materials provided by American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. You et al. The First Gene-encoded Amphibian Neurotoxin. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2009; 284 (33): 22079 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M109.013276

Cite This Page:

American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. "First Gene-encoded Amphibian Toxin Isolated." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 26 August 2009. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090817143554.htm>.
American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. (2009, August 26). First Gene-encoded Amphibian Toxin Isolated. ScienceDaily. Retrieved December 12, 2024 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090817143554.htm
American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. "First Gene-encoded Amphibian Toxin Isolated." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090817143554.htm (accessed December 12, 2024).

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