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Computational feat speeds finding of genes to milliseconds instead of years

Date:
March 16, 2010
Source:
Stanford University Medical Center
Summary:
Like a magician who says, "Pick a card, any card," computer scientist Debashis Sahoo seemed to be offering some kind of trick when he asked researchers to pick any two genes already known to be involved in stem cell development. Finding such genes can take years and hundreds of thousands of dollars, but Sahoo was promising the skeptical stem cell scientists that, in a fraction of a second and for practically zero cost, he could find new genes involved in the same developmental pathway as the two genes provided. Sahoo went on to show that this amazing feat could actually be performed.
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FULL STORY

Like a magician who says, "Pick a card, any card," Stanford University computer scientist Debashis Sahoo, PhD, seemed to be offering some kind of trick when he asked researchers at the Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine to pick any two genes already known to be involved in stem cell development. Finding such genes can take years and hundreds of thousands of dollars, but Sahoo was promising the skeptical stem cell scientists that, in a fraction of a second and for practically zero cost, he could find new genes involved in the same developmental pathway as the two genes provided.

Sahoo went on to show that this amazing feat could actually be performed. The proof-of-principle for his idea, to be published online March 15 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, opens a powerful, mathematical route for conducting stem cell research and shows the power of interdisciplinary collaborations in science. It also demonstrates that using computers to mine existing databases can radically accelerate research in the laboratory. Ultimately, it may lead to advances in diverse areas of medicine such as disease diagnosis or cancer therapy.

Biologists have long used math and statistics in their work. In the simplest case, when looking for genes involved in a certain biological process, they look for genes that have a symmetrical correlation. For instance, if they know gene A is involved in a certain process, they try to determine if gene C is correlated with gene A during the same process.

Four years ago, while studying for his doctorate in electrical engineering with advisor David Dill, PhD, professor of computer science, and co-advisor Sylvia Plevritis, PhD, associate professor of radiology, Sahoo took an immunology class and realized that many of the relationships in biology are not symmetric, but asymmetric. As an analogy, Sahoo noted that trees bearing fruit almost certainly have leaves, but trees outside of the fruiting season may or may not have leaves, depending on the time of year.

Sahoo and Dill realized that these asymmetric relationships could be found by applying Boolean logic, in which the researchers established a series of if/then rules and then searched data for candidates that satisfied all the rules. For example, scientists might know that gene A is very active at the beginning of cell development, and gene C is active much later. By screening large public databases, Sahoo can find the genes that are almost never active when A is active, and almost always active when C is active, in many other types of cells. Researchers can then test to determine whether these genes become active between the early and late stages of development.

In the paper, lead author Sahoo looked at gene expression patterns in the development of an immunological cell called a B cell. Starting with two known B-cell genes, Sahoo searched through databases with thousands of gene products in milliseconds and found 62 genes that matched the patterns he would expect to see for genes that got turned on in between the activation of the two genes he started with. He then examined databases involving 41 strains of laboratory mice that had been engineered to be deficient in one or more of the 62 genes. Of those 41 strains, 26 had defects in B cell development.

"This was the validation of the method," Sahoo said. "Biologists are really amazed that, with just a computer algorithm, in milliseconds I can find genes that it takes them a really long time to isolate in the lab." He added that he was especially gratified that the information comes from databases that are widely available and from which other scientists have already culled information.

Sahoo is now using the technique to find new genes that play a role in developing cancers.

"This shows that computational analysis of existing data can provide clues about where researchers should look next," he said. "This is something that could have an impact on cancer. It's exciting."

The interdisciplinary team that contributed to the findings involved researchers at both the School of Engineering and the School of Medicine. In addition to Dill (the paper's senior author) and Plevritis, the co-authors include Irving Weissman, MD, director of Stanford's stem cell institute, and postdoctoral scholars Jun Seita, PhD, Matthew Inlay, PhD, and Deepta Bhattacharya, PhD, who recently moved from Stanford to the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.

Funding for this research came from the National Institutes of Health, the Siebel Stem Cell Institute, the Thomas and Stacey Siebel Foundation, the Cancer Research Institute, the National Cancer Institute and the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine.


Story Source:

Materials provided by Stanford University Medical Center. Original written by Christopher Vaughan, Communications officer, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. Debashis Sahoo, Jun Seita, Deepta Bhattacharya, Matthew A. Inlay, Irving L. Weissman, Sylvia K. Plevritis, and David L. Dill. MiDReG: A method of mining developmentally regulated genes using Boolean implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913635107

Cite This Page:

Stanford University Medical Center. "Computational feat speeds finding of genes to milliseconds instead of years." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 16 March 2010. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100315161915.htm>.
Stanford University Medical Center. (2010, March 16). Computational feat speeds finding of genes to milliseconds instead of years. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 28, 2024 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100315161915.htm
Stanford University Medical Center. "Computational feat speeds finding of genes to milliseconds instead of years." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100315161915.htm (accessed March 28, 2024).

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