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As temperatures rise, flowers emit less scent

Date:
June 6, 2016
Source:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Summary:
The diverse and delicious fragrances of flowers brighten our days and inspire poetry. The more practical reason that flowers produce scent is to attract pollinating insects to the flowers' reproductive organs, thereby ensuring the continued existence of plant species. New research has now indicated that increases in ambient temperature also lead to a decrease in the production of floral scents.
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FULL STORY

The diverse and delicious fragrances of flowers brighten our days and inspire poetry. The more practical reason that flowers produce scent is to attract pollinating insects to the flowers' reproductive organs, thereby ensuring the continued existence of plant species. To do this, flowers assemble a mixture of dozens, and sometimes hundreds, of volatile substances from several biochemical groups.

Scientists have known for some time that increasing temperatures associated with global climate change have a negative effect on plant growth. Expanding on this research, a Hebrew University of Jerusalem PhD student has shown that increases in ambient temperature also lead to a decrease in the production of floral scents.

"Increases in temperature associated with the changing global climate are interfering with plant-pollinator mutualism, an interaction facilitated mainly by floral color and scent," Alon Can'ani explained in his research.

At the Hebrew University's Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Can'ani studies control mechanisms that allow plants to regulate their production of smell, is researching strategies to overcome the decrease in production of beneficial volatile substances, a process that requires a huge energy investment from plants.

During his work in the laboratory of Prof. Alexander Vainstein, in the Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in the Faculty of Agriculture, Can'ani discovered that Petunia plants grown at elevated temperature conditions are significantly defected in production and emission of scent compounds.

"In my study, I show that increasing ambient temperature leads to a decrease in phenylpropanoid-based floral scent production in two Petunia×hybrida varieties, P720 and Blue Spark, acclimated at 22/16 or 28/22 °C (day/night)," Can'ani said.

This was linked to arrested expression and activity of proteins that facilitate biosynthesis of the compounds.

Can'ani was awarded the Smith Vision Prize for his body of research, which included projects aimed at finding novel strategies that plants use in order to regulate, or fine-tune, the process of scent emission.

Can'ani also demonstrated an approach to bypass this adverse effect, by expressing the Arabidopsis thaliana PAP1 gene, which boosts the production of scent regardless of the ambient temperature. This research was published in Plant, Cell & Environment.

Can'ani also characterized the first gene (called PH4) that functions as a direct regulator of scent emission. When he manipulated the expression of this gene to a halt, Petunia flowers ceased to emit scent, but continued to produce it. Interestingly, this gene apparently serves as a switch between two crucial floral traits -- color and scent. This research was published in New Phytologist.

Currently, Can'ani is investigating a process called glycosylation, in which flowers conjugate a sugar molecule onto the scent compounds, thus rendering the scent non-volatile.


Story Source:

Materials provided by Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


Journal References:

  1. ALON CNA'ANI, JOELLE K. MÜHLEMANN, JASMIN RAVID, TANIA MASCI, ANTJE KLEMPIEN, THUONG T. H. NGUYEN, NATALIA DUDAREVA, ERAN PICHERSKY, ALEXANDER VAINSTEIN. Petunia × hybridafloral scent production is negatively affected by high-temperature growth conditions. Plant, Cell & Environment, 2015; 38 (7): 1333 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12486
  2. Alon Cna'ani, Ben Spitzer-Rimon, Jasmin Ravid, Moran Farhi, Tania Masci, Javiera Aravena-Calvo, Marianna Ovadis, Alexander Vainstein. Two showy traits, scent emission and pigmentation, are finely coregulated by the MYB transcription factorPH4in petunia flowers. New Phytologist, 2015; 208 (3): 708 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13534

Cite This Page:

Hebrew University of Jerusalem. "As temperatures rise, flowers emit less scent." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 6 June 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160606082121.htm>.
Hebrew University of Jerusalem. (2016, June 6). As temperatures rise, flowers emit less scent. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 18, 2024 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160606082121.htm
Hebrew University of Jerusalem. "As temperatures rise, flowers emit less scent." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160606082121.htm (accessed March 18, 2024).

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