"Current techniques for assessing an individual's age at death rely on reviewing the wear and tear on a skeleton's joint surfaces," says Ann Ross, a professor of biological sciences at NC State and corresponding author of a paper on the work. "But there is a lot of variability there, based on an individual's lifestyle and how a forensic practitioner interprets those skeletal features. Depending on the method being used, current approaches could list a deceased individual in his or her 40s as being anywhere from 27 to 70 years old.

"However, bone mineral content and density increase as we grow, then decline at a fairly steady rate once we reach adulthood -- making it a potentially useful way of assessing age," Ross says.

While using bone mineral density to assess age is a concept that's been around for several years, the NC State team has found a way to fine-tune the practice.

Specifically, the researchers found that assessing bone mineral density at the neck of the femur provided the best sampling data for determining age.

In a study assessing the remains of 33 men and eight women, the researchers found that bone mineral density could be used to determine age within a 13-year margin of error.

"This, in itself, is a step in the right direction," Ross says. "But we think the method could be made even more accurate if we were able to significantly increase the sample size, including more women and more representatives from each age group."

The researchers found no significant difference between men and women based on the bone mineral density of the femur. However, they did find difference between sexes in the density of the skull.

The researchers think the skull is better for assessing sex because it's not a load-bearing bone, meaning it is subject to fewer outside forces -- allowing forensic practitioners to detect bone mineral density differences that result from an individual's biological sex.

"However, while promising, we didn't have a large enough sample size to draw firm conclusions about using bone mineral density to determine sex -- that would require a larger study," Ross says.

Story Source:

Materials provided by North Carolina State University. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference:

1. Anna Paschall, Ann H. Ross. Biological sex variation in bone mineral density in the cranium and femur. Science & Justice, 2018; DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2018.01.002