The first pandemic? Scientists find 214 ancient pathogens in prehistoric DNA
A new study maps infectious diseases across millennia and offers new insight into how human-animal interactions permanently transformed our health landscape.
- Date:
- July 11, 2025
- Source:
- University of Copenhagen - The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- Summary:
- Scientists have uncovered DNA from 214 ancient pathogens in prehistoric humans, including the oldest known evidence of plague. The findings show zoonotic diseases began spreading around 6,500 years ago, likely triggered by farming and animal domestication. These ancient infections may still influence us today, and help guide the vaccines of tomorrow.
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A research team led by Eske Willerslev, professor at the University of Copenhagen and the University of Cambridge, has recovered ancient DNA from 214 known human pathogens in prehistoric humans from Eurasia.
The study shows, among other things, that the earliest known evidence of zoonotic diseases -- illnesses transmitted from animals to humans, like COVID in recent times -- dates back to around 6,500 years ago, with such diseases becoming more widespread approximately 5,000 years ago. It is the largest study to date on the history of infectious diseases and has just been published in the scientific journal Nature.
The researchers analyzed DNA from over 1,300 prehistoric individuals, some up to 37,000 years old. The ancient bones and teeth have provided a unique insight into the development of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
The results suggest that humans' close cohabitation with domesticated animals -- and large-scale migrations of pastoralist from the Pontic Steppe -- played a decisive role in the spread of these diseases.
"We've long suspected that the transition to farming and animal husbandry opened the door to a new era of disease -- now DNA shows us that it happened at least 6,500 years ago," says Professor Eske Willerslev. "These infections didn't just cause illness -- they may have contributed to population collapse, migration, and genetic adaptation."
World's oldest trace of the plague
In the study, the researchers found 214 pathogens. A remarkable finding is the world's oldest genetic trace of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis, identified in a 5,500-year-old sample. The plague is estimated to have killed between one-quarter and one-half of Europe's population during the Middle Ages.
Could have implications for future vaccines
The findings could be significant for the development of vaccines and for understanding how diseases arise and mutate over time.
"If we understand what happened in the past, it can help us prepare for the future, where many of the newly emerging infectious diseases are predicted to originate from animals," says Associate Professor Martin Sikora, the study's first author.
"Mutations that were successful in the past are likely to reappear. This knowledge is important for future vaccines, as it allows us to test whether current vaccines provide sufficient coverage or whether new ones need to be developed due to mutations," adds Eske Willerslev.
The study was made possible by funding from the Lundbeck Foundation.
Story Source:
Materials provided by University of Copenhagen - The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Journal Reference:
- Martin Sikora, Elisabetta Canteri, Antonio Fernandez-Guerra, Nikolay Oskolkov, Rasmus Ågren, Lena Hansson, Evan K. Irving-Pease, Barbara Mühlemann, Sofie Holtsmark Nielsen, Gabriele Scorrano, Morten E. Allentoft, Frederik Valeur Seersholm, Hannes Schroeder, Charleen Gaunitz, Jesper Stenderup, Lasse Vinner, Terry C. Jones, Björn Nystedt, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Julian Parkhill, Lars Fugger, Fernando Racimo, Kristian Kristiansen, Astrid K. N. Iversen, Eske Willerslev. The spatiotemporal distribution of human pathogens in ancient Eurasia. Nature, 2025; DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-09192-8
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