Here are some intriguing examples provided by the National Wildlife Federation:

• Female moths release a chemical called a pheromone into the air that male moths find irresistible. The males detect the females’ intoxicating perfume with their fuzzy, sensitive antennae. A single female moth can lure dozens of males. The bolas spider has figured out a way to mimic the pheromones of certain moths, thus luring unsuspecting male moths to an untimely death in her clutches. Talk about deadly perfume!
• Male wood frogs emerge from hibernation in February and brave the near-freezing water of ponds formed by melting snow, where they put out their loud duck-like mating call to attract females. Being amphibians, wood frogs are cold-blooded and their body temperature is essentially the same as the surrounding freezing pond water. An antifreeze-like property in their body is the only thing that keeps these croakers from freezing solid. No love in front of a toasty fireplace for these guys.
• Some insects have learned how to take advantage of the irresistible visual display of the opposite sex as a way to score a meal. Male fireflies flash their light and wait for the females hidden in the vegetation to flash back. One species of firefly has learned to mimic the return flash of the female of another species, and when the hopeful male shows up to introduce himself, she eats him and goes on to mate with a male of her own species with a full belly.

Ladies’ Choice

For many species (including the human race according to many) the females hold all the power and ultimately decide when to seal the deal when it comes to mating. And the males have to work hard to earn their prospective lady’s attention.

• The male bower bird is every woman’s dream: he’s an excellent carpenter but also fabulous decorator. He builds a stick structure called a bower and then decorates it to impress the eligible ladies. Often he picks a monochromatic color scheme for his decor, which can include everything from shells, feathers, flowers, and even bits of string, plastic and other man-made items. If the house and its decor are good enough, females will choose him as their mate. It’s clear no human male teenager whose room looks like a war zone would ever score with this approach.
• Male painted turtles have very long front claws. When he’s trying to impress a particular gal, he swims around so he’s facing her and then waves his perfect manicure in her face in the hopes of turning her on. She’s likely to be simply annoyed by his flashy behavior, though, and he runs the risk of having her swim away if she’s not in the mood.
• Location, location, location - In spring, male house wrens migrate north a week or two before the females. They use that time to build multiple nests to impress the girls when they arrive. A male has got to have impressive building skills to score a mate. When a female finally does pick a male and one of his abodes, she moves in and promptly disassembles his “bachelor pad” nest and rebuilds it to her own satisfaction. Sound familiar?

Gender Benders

Boys will be boys and girls will be girls. But for animals, it’s doesn’t always work that way.

• In many human societies, it’s the women who traditionally wear makeup, jewelry and pretty clothes to catch a guy’s eye, but in the bird world it’s the guys who sport the fancy ornamentation. Females usually have drab, earthy colors to better camouflage them while they sit on the nest. A male’s flashy feathers are an indication that he’s in good health and can father fit offspring with a good chance of survival.
• Some fish start out one sex and switch to another. They live in groups where all are one sex or the other with the exception of the largest individual, who is the opposite sex of all the smaller fish. If the largest individual is eaten by a predator, leaving the group all male or all female, the next largest fish changes sex so the others will have a mate. Great incentive to stay fit and muscular so you’re ready to take over if the need arises.
• Some animals can be both sexes at once so they are never lonely on Valentines Day. Some species of sea slugs can be male, female, or hermaphroditic. With so many sexual options these slimy mollusks often engage in orgies of 20 or more slugs of various persuasions.
• The Australian cuttlefish doesn’t change sex, but when a male is feeling the urge to get his groove on with the ladies but is thwarted by a bigger, tougher male, he’s got a trick up his tentacles. He can change his color and shape to mimic a female and slip right by the big guy who would otherwise chase smaller males away. The best part is that the females are more than happy to mate with these diminutive but clever guys right behind the backs of their more buff brethren.

Singles Only

• Sex is only one way that animals reproduce. Some don’t need to mate at all in order to create offspring. Many one-celled organisms simply divide into two. Others, such as the hydra, can reproduce sexually but if all the potential mates look like losers, they can grow buds that break off and grow into new individuals.
• Some animals have a kind of “virgin birth” called parthenogenesis. The female just clones herself, producing eggs via cell division rather than from the joining of sperm and egg. Without sex there’s no exchange of genetic information, and the resulting offspring are genetically identical to the mother. So much for DNA testing. A female aphid can produce thousands of little clones this way. For some bee species, the queen can produce different kinds of offspring depending on whether her eggs are fertilized. The fertilized eggs all hatch as females, while her unfertilized ones hatch out as males.

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

• Mating and Breeding
• Insects (including Butterflies)
• Behavioral Science

• Floods
• Exotic Species
• Environmental Issues

• Difference between a butterfly and a moth
• Pheromone
• Sex linkage
• Firefly
• Moth
• Antifreeze protein