Electronic health records could help identify which patients most need ICU resources

What if patients' electronic health records could help a physician determine ICU admission by reliably calculating which patient had the highest risk of death?

Emerging health technologies -- including reliable methods to rate the severity of a patient's condition -- may provide powerful tools to efficiently use scarce and costly health resources, says a team of University of Michigan Health System researchers in the New England Journal of Medicine.

"The lack of critical care beds can be frustrating and scary when you have a patient who you think would benefit from critical care, but who can't be accommodated quickly. Electronic health records -- which provide us with rich, reliable clinical data -- are untapped tools that may help us efficiently use valuable critical care resources," says hospitalist and lead author Lena M. Chen, M.D., M.S., assistant professor in internal medicine at the University of Michigan and an investigator at the Center for Clinical Management Research (CCMR), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System.

The UMHS and VA study referenced in the article finds that patients' severity of illness is not always strongly associated with their likelihood of being admitted to the ICU, challenging the notion that limited and expensive critical care is reserved for the sickest patients.

ICU admissions for non-cardiac patients closely reflected severity of illness (i.e., sicker patients were more likely to go to the ICU), but ICU admissions for cardiac patients did not, the study found. While the reasons for this are unclear, authors note that the ICU's explicit role is to provide care for the sickest patients, not to respond to temporary staffing issues or unavailable recovery rooms.

A few integrated health care systems such as the Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System and Kaiser Permanente Northern California have already tapped into the ability of electronic health records to generate reliable estimates of the risk of dying within 30 days for every patient on admission. This type of data could determine for instance whether a patient had a 3 percent chance or 80 percent chance of dying within the next month. Calculations are based on real-time data of laboratory results, demographics, coexisting conditions and vital signs. Authors note that this existing technology may be used to help assess ICU admissions.

"We are not suggesting this calculation be used alone in making these decisions but it's another tool that may -- with more research -- eventually help physicians making difficult triage decisions. It may potentially help address our critical care shortage too," says Chen, who is also a member of the U-M Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation.

ICUs were opened decades ago to care for the sickest patients using the newest technology. Today, critical care in the U.S. costs more than $80 billion a year. With an aging population and growing demand for critical care, the shortage of ICU resources has become a major healthcare issue.

There are other benefits for healthcare institutions that explore the role of health information technology in ICU care. The Medicare and Medicaid EHR Incentive Programs provide financial incentives for providers who show that they are "meaningfully using" electronic health records to improve patient care.

"There are serious incentives for hospitals to use electronic health records in a meaningful way and it's important to identify aspirational goals for health IT now, " Chen says. "We may not have the abilities to achieve all of these goals today, but it's important to put them in place to support a longer term vision of how health IT might transform patient care."

Additional authors: Anne Sales, Ph.D., R.N., and Timothy P. Hofer, M.D. of the VA Center for Clinical Management Research and U-M. Edward H. Kennedy, M.S., formerly of the VA Center for Clinical Management Research is now a graduate student at University of Pennsylvania.

Funding: Chen is supported by a Career Development Grant Award (K08HS020671) from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. This material is the result of work supported with resources of VA Health Services Research and Development Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System.