A cocktail of gases -- including nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and methane -- combines in the atmosphere to form ozone.

Ozone at the Earth's surface limits photosynthesis, reducing plants' ability to grow.

University of Exeter researchers say cutting emissions of ozone-forming gases offers a "unique opportunity" to create a "natural climate solution."

A 50% cut in emissions of these gases from the seven largest human-made sources -- including road transport (the largest emitter) and energy production -- would help plants contribute to "negative carbon emissions," the study says.

"Ecosystems on land currently slow global warming by storing about 30% of our carbon dioxide emissions every year," said Professor Nadine Unger, of the University of Exeter.

"This carbon capture is being undermined by ozone pollution.

"Our findings suggest the largest losses of plant productivity are in the eastern United States, Europe and eastern China, which all have high levels of surface ozone pollution.

"The impact on plant growth in these areas is estimated to be 5-20% annually."

Ozone is not emitted directly but forms in the atmosphere during complex chemical reactions of carbon monoxide, methane, non-methane volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides.

The seven areas of human activity that emit the largest amounts of these gases are agriculture, residential, energy, industry, road transportation, waste/landfill and shipping.

The study says a target of cutting these specific emissions by 50% is "large but plausible," citing examples of cuts already made in some industries.

"Deep cuts in air pollutant emissions from road transportation and the energy sector are the most effective mitigation measures for ozone-induced loss of plant productivity in eastern China, the eastern United States, Europe and globally," said Professor Unger.

"Our results suggest mitigation of ozone vegetation damage is a unique opportunity to contribute to negative carbon emissions, offering a natural climate solution that links fossil fuel emission abatement, air quality and climate.

"However, achieving these benefits requires ambitious mitigation efforts in multiple sectors."

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Materials provided by University of Exeter. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference:

1. Nadine Unger, Yiqi Zheng, Xu Yue, Kandice L. Harper. Mitigation of ozone damage to the world’s land ecosystems by source sector. Nature Climate Change, 2020; DOI: 10.1038/s41558-019-0678-3