Sun’s secret storms exposed: NASA's codex unveils a turbulent corona

(Coronal Diagnostic Experiment) investigation have successfully evaluated the instrument's first images, revealing the speed and temperature of material flowing out from the Sun. These images, shared at a press event Tuesday at the American Astronomical Society meeting in Anchorage, Alaska, illustrate the Sun's outer atmosphere, or corona, is not a homogenous, steady flow of material, but an area with sputtering gusts of hot plasma. These images will help scientists improve their understanding of how the Sun impacts Earth and our technology in space.

"We really never had the ability to do this kind of science before," said Jeffrey Newmark, a heliophysicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and the principal investigator for CODEX. "The right kind of filters, the right size instrumentation -- all the right things fell into place. These are brand new observations that have never been seen before, and we think there's a lot of really interesting science to be done with it."

NASA's CODEX is a solar coronagraph, an instrument often employed to study the Sun's faint corona, or outer atmosphere, by blocking the bright face of the Sun. The instrument, which is installed on the International Space Station, creates artificial eclipses using a series of circular pieces of material called occulting disks at the end of a long telescope-like tube. The occulting disks are about the size of a tennis ball and are held in place by three metal arms.

Scientists often use coronagraphs to study visible light from the corona, revealing dynamic features, such as solar storms, that shape the weather in space, potentially impacting Earth and beyond.

"The CODEX instrument is doing something new," said Newmark. "Previous coronagraph experiments have measured the density of material in the corona, but CODEX is measuring the temperature and speed of material in the slowly varying solar wind flowing out from the Sun."

These new measurements allow scientists to better characterize the energy at the source of the solar wind.

The CODEX instrument uses four narrow-band filters -- two for temperature and two for speed -- to capture solar wind data. "By comparing the brightness of the images in each of these filters, we can tell the temperature and speed of the coronal solar wind," said Newmark.

Understanding the speed and temperature of the solar wind helps scientists build a more accurate picture of the Sun, which is necessary for modeling and predicting the Sun's behaviors.

"The CODEX instrument will impact space weather modeling by providing constraints for modelers to use in the future," said Newmark. "We're excited for what's to come."

CODEX is a collaboration between NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) with additional contribution from Italy's National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF).