Method of HPV screening can be effective in developing countries

Nearly all cases of cervical cancer are believed to be caused by HPV infection. Of the more than 270,000 deaths attributed to cervical cancer annually, around 85 percent are in developing countries, according to the World Health Organization. The incidence of cervical cancer in Nepal is 24.2 per 100,000, making Nepal a country with one of the highest cervical cancer rates in South Asia.

Sadeep Shrestha, Ph.D., associate professor in the Department of Epidemiology, is the senior author of the new study published to PLOS ONE that investigated HPV prevalence and screening methods in a remote district called Accham in Far Western Nepal.

Within a one-day health camp conducted at the Nepal Fertility Care Center, including main collaborator Pema Lhaki, Shrestha's team gathered clinician-collected specimens, as well as self-collected cervical specimens. This was done to determine whether self-collected HPV samples were comparable to clinician-collected specimens as a form of screening among women with little or no formal education. Study first author Derek Johnson, a doctoral student in the Department of Epidemiology, stayed in Nepal for 18 months to help conduct the study.

"We learned that, even in a remote area among illiterate women, self-collected samples for HPV and cervical cancer screening is feasible," Shrestha said. "Most of these participants had never visited a medical center, and thus an efficient sampling scheme will be needed for HPV/cervical cancer screening purposes."

Shrestha says their study determined the prevalence of high-risk, meaning cancer-causing, HPV was 9.6 percent among the women who attended the one-day camp, and at least 25 percent had abnormal cytology.

"We realized that many other women could not attend the health camp due to distance to the camp, potential health issues or even because of cultural taboo," Shrestha said. "Because of these factors, we believe that the prevalence of HPV in our study is an underestimate. This region has a high prevalence of HIV, and therefore we believe this region could also have a high prevalence of HPV; but multiple camps and creative designs to enroll women will be needed to prove this."

Shrestha says that a limited budget meant a limited sample size. However, this was the first HPV and cytology study conducted in a rural population in Nepal, so its results should be considered useful.

"The model of putting screening projects into existing health camps, coupled with a self-sampling approach to HPV, would be beneficial for the Nepalese government with its comprehensive screening plans," Shrestha said.

The infrastructure for testing for HPV in Nepal is not fully developed, Shrestha says. These samples were tested in the United States, but Shrestha would like to see the development of better local testing facilities in Nepal to help improve the sustainability of routine HPV testing in the future.