Reactivation of HBV can be prevented, treated during immunosuppressive drug therapy

"Many specialists are unaware that they should conduct hepatitis B screening on their patients prior to beginning long-term immunosuppressive therapy," according to K. Rajender Reddy, MD, lead author of the guidelines, from the division of gastroenterology and hepatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. "Preventing HBV reactivation in these patients involves screening those at risk, identifying patients for risk based on HBV serologic status and the type of immunosuppression, and consideration of prophylaxis with anti-hepatitis B therapeutics."

Several aspects of HBVr prevention remain unclear, including which patients to screen, in whom to use which HBV preventive therapies and for how long, and how to monitor those at risk but not on preventive therapy.

AGA developed the guideline using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology and best practices as outlined by the Institute of Medicine. Despite a large number of published studies, in most cases the recommendations for prophylaxis are weak because either the quality of the available data and/or the baseline risk of HBVr is low or uncertain, and/or risks and benefits for a particular strategy do not overwhelmingly support its use.

Recognizing these and other limitations, the recommendations included here represent a rigorous, evidence-based summary of extensive literature describing the prevention of HBVr. Review of this guideline, plus the associated technical review, will facilitate effective shared decision making with patients at risk for HBVr.

1& 2. Is antiviral prophylaxis needed for hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients who will undergo immunosuppressive drug therapy? Is antiviral prophylaxis needed for hepatitis B surface antigen-negative, antibody to hepatitis B core antigen-positive patients who will undergo immunosuppressive drug therapy?

• AGA recommends antiviral prophylaxis over no prophylaxis for patients at high risk (>10 percent risk of reactivation) undergoing immunosuppressive drug therapy. (Strong recommendation; moderate-quality evidence)
• AGA suggests antiviral prophylaxis over monitoring for patients at moderate risk (1 to 10 percent risk of reactivation) undergoing immunosuppressive drug therapy. (Weak recommendation; moderate-quality evidence)
• AGA suggests against routinely using antiviral prophylaxis in patients undergoing immunosuppressive drug therapy who are at low risk (<1 percent risk of reactivation) for HBVr. (Weak recommendation; moderate-quality evidence)

3.Does the presence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen in addition to anti-HBc in HBsAg-negative patients confer additional protection against HBVr?

• AGA suggests against using anti-HBs status to guide antiviral prophylaxis for all risk groups. (Weak recommendation; very low-quality evidence)

4.Is prophylactic treatment with third-generation nucleos(t)ide analogues more effective than first- or second-generation nucleos(t)ide agents?

• AGA suggests use of antiviral drugs with a high barrier to resistance over lamivudine for prophylaxis in patients undergoing immunosuppressive drug therapy. (Weak recommendation; moderate-quality evidence)

5.Is HBV DNA monitoring followed by on-demand antiviral therapy as effective as prophylactic antiviral therapy?

• AGA makes no recommendation for a strategy of HBV DNA monitoring followed by rescue treatment as an alternative to antiviral prophylaxis. (No recommendation -- knowledge gap)

6.Is treatment of established HBVr with third-generation nucleos(t)ide agents more effective than first- or second-generation drugs?

• AGA recommends antiviral drugs with a high barrier to resistance over lamivudine for established HBVr in patients undergoing immunosuppressive drug therapy. (Strong recommendation; moderate-quality evidence)

7.Should patients who will undergo long-term immunosuppressive drug therapy be screened for HBV before starting treatment?

• AGA recommends screening for HBV (HBsAg and anti-HBc, followed by a sensitive HBV DNA test if positive) in patients at moderate or high risk who will undergo immunosuppressive drug therapy. (Strong recommendation; moderate-quality evidence)
• AGA suggests against routinely screening for HBV in patients who will undergo immunosuppressive drug therapy and are at low risk. (Weak recommendation; moderate-quality evidence)