The study is the first to quantify the worldwide burden of new pediatric asthma cases linked to traffic-related nitrogen dioxide by using a method that takes into account high exposures to this pollutant that occur near busy roads, said Susan C. Anenberg, PhD, the senior author of the study and an associate professor of environmental and occupational health at Milken Institute SPH.

"Our findings suggest that millions of new cases of pediatric asthma could be prevented in cities around the world by reducing air pollution," said Anenberg. "Improving access to cleaner forms of transportation, like electrified public transport and active commuting by cycling and walking, would not only bring down NO₂ levels, but would also reduce asthma, enhance physical fitness, and cut greenhouse gas emissions."

The researchers linked global datasets of NO₂ concentrations, pediatric population distributions, and asthma incidence rates with epidemiological evidence relating traffic-derived NO₂ pollution with asthma development in kids. They were then able to estimate the number of new pediatric asthma cases attributable to NO₂ pollution in 194 countries and 125 major cities worldwide.

Key findings from the study published in The Lancet Planetary Health:

• An estimated 4 million children developed asthma each year from 2010 to 2015 due to exposure to NO₂ pollution, which primarily comes motor vehicle exhaust.
• An estimated 13 percent of annual pediatric asthma incidence worldwide was linked to NO₂ pollution.
• Among the 125 cities, NO₂ accounted for 6 percent (Orlu, Nigeria) to 48 percent (Shanghai, China) of pediatric asthma incidence. NO₂'s contribution exceeded 20 percent in 92 cities located in both developed and emerging economies.
• The top 10 highest NO₂ contributions were estimated for eight cities in China (37 to 48 percent of pediatric asthma incidence) and for Moscow, Russia and Seoul, South Korea at 40 percent.
• The problem affects cities in the United States as well: Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, Las Vegas and Milwaukee were the top five cities in the U.S. with the highest percentage of pediatric asthma cases linked to polluted air.
• Nationally, the largest burdens related to air pollution were found in China at 760,000 cases of asthma per year, followed by India at 350,000 and the United States at 240,000.

Asthma is a chronic disease that makes it hard to breathe and results when the lung's airways are inflamed. An estimated 235 million people worldwide currently have asthma, which can cause wheezing as well as life-threatening attacks.

The World Health Organization calls air pollution "a major environmental risk to health" and has established Air Quality Guidelines for NO₂ and other air pollutants. The researchers estimate that most children lived in areas below the current WHO guideline of 21 parts per billion for annual average NO₂. They also found that about 92 percent of the new pediatric asthma cases that were attributable to NO₂ occurred in areas that already meet the WHO guideline.

"That finding suggests that the WHO guideline for NO₂ may need to be re-evaluated to make sure it is sufficiently protective of children's health," said Pattanun Achakulwisut, PhD, lead author of the paper and a postdoctoral scientist at Milken Institute SPH.

The researchers found that in general, cities with high NO₂ concentrations also had high levels of greenhouse gas emissions. Many of the solutions aimed at cleaning up the air would not only prevent new cases of asthma and other serious health problems but they would also attenuate global warming, Anenberg said.

Additional research must be done to more conclusively identify the causative agent within complex traffic emissions, said the researchers. This effort, along with more air pollution monitoring and epidemiological studies conducted in data-limited countries will help to refine the estimates of new asthma cases tied to traffic emissions, Anenberg and Achakulwisut added.

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Materials provided by George Washington University. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference:

1. Pattanun Achakulwisut, Prof Michael Brauer, Perry Hystad, Susan C Anenberg. Global, national, and urban burdens of paediatric asthma incidence attributable to ambient NO2 pollution: estimates from global datasets. The Lancet Planetary Health, 2019 DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30046-4