"Our trial showed that the transparent liquid bandage detected tissue oxygenation as well as the gold standard of an oximeter, which uses old technology, is uncomfortable for the patient, obstructs visual inspection of the tissue, and can give false readings based on lighting conditions and the patient's movements," says Conor L. Evans, PhD, the paper's senior author and a principal investigator at MGH's Wellman Center for Photomedicine. "The standalone bandage is a major advancement from a wired oximeter that restricts a patient's movements and is complicated to use."

The research team took on the challenge of building a better tissue oxygenation sensor following a request from the Department of Defense seeking to reduce failure rates of tissue transplant surgeries and skin grafts in injured soldiers. The technology underlying the bandage was developed through the support of the Military Medical Photonics Program. The trial tests the bandage in breast reconstruction, a common type of free-flap transplant surgery in which plastic surgeons harvest skin, fat, arteries and blood vessels from the patient's abdomen and microsurgically reattach the tissue and vessels to the chest.

"Up to 5% of free-flap surgeries can fail, typically within 48 hours after surgery, if blood flow to the transplanted tissue is interrupted or inadequate, which is a devastating outcome," says Samuel J. Lin, MD, MBA, plastic and reconstructive surgeon at BIDMC and senior author. By monitoring how much oxygen gets to the transplanted tissue, surgeons can quickly detect a vascular problem and intervene to save the transplant.

Five women undergoing breast reconstruction were enrolled in the trial from March to September 2017. The liquid bandage was painted on in a 1 cm by 1 cm area on seven transplanted flaps (two women had both breasts reconstructed). A wired oximeter was also placed on each flap, and tissue oxygenation was monitored for 48 hours after surgery. The bandage measures the amount of oxygen getting to the tissue itself, while the ViOptix reads the amount of oxygen saturation in the blood with near-infrared spectroscopy -- a less direct measurement of crucial blood flow to the transplant.

In this study, a clinician-researcher took photos of the bandage with a digital camera with custom filters following surgery. The flash from the camera excited the phosphorescent material in the bandage, which then glowed red to green based on the amount of oxygen present in the tissue. Evans and colleagues have since developed a battery-powered sensor head for the bandage that eliminates the need for the camera and makes the bandage self-contained. The prototype study was published in Biomedical Optics Express.

In all seven flaps, the tissue oxygenation rate of change measured by the bandage correlated with the oximeter, and all seven flaps were successful. The researchers are currently designing a clinical trial to study how well the bandage detects a flap that is failing from lack of oxygen.

"The ability to have a wireless oxygen monitoring device for blood flow is potentially a gamechanger," says Lin.

Clinical applications for an oxygen-sensing bandage could include monitoring wound healing, tissue transplants for trauma, skin grafts for burns, limbs affected by peripheral artery disease and chronic ischemia (reduced blood flow). "The technology might also detect important tissue changes in patients with heart disease and other chronic medical conditions, providing an early warning signal that disease is progressing," says Lin. "And there are likely other clinical uses we haven't yet considered."

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Materials provided by Massachusetts General Hospital. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference:

1. Haley Marks, Alexandra Bucknor, Emmanuel Roussakis, Nicholas Nowell, Parisa Kamali, Juan Pedro Cascales, Darya Kazei, Samuel J. Lin, Conor L. Evans. A paintable phosphorescent bandage for postoperative tissue oxygen assessment in DIEP flap reconstruction. Science Advances, 2020; 6 (51): eabd1061 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd1061