No link between venous narrowing, multiple sclerosis

The results, published in the U.K. medical journal The Lancet, call into question a controversial theory that MS is associated with a disorder proponents call chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI).

The study used both ultrasound and catheter venography (an x-ray of the vein after injecting it with a dye) to examine the veins of people with MS, their unrelated siblings and unrelated healthy volunteers. Catheter venography is considered the most accurate, "gold standard" technology for revealing the size and shape of veins, says Traboulsee, an associate professor of Neurology at UBC and director of the MS Clinic at UBC Hospital of Vancouver Coastal Health.

By comparing the width of veins between the brain and the heart with a normal reference point taken from below the jaw, the researchers showed that at least two-thirds of each of the groups had narrowing of the extracranial veins that was greater than 50 per cent. Differences in rates of venous narrowing between the groups were not statistically significant.

"Our results confirm that venous narrowing is a frequent finding in the general population, and is not a unique anatomical feature associated with multiple sclerosis," Traboulsee says. "This is the first study to find high rates of venous narrowing in a healthy control group, as well as the first to show that the ultrasound criteria usually used to 'diagnose' CCSVI are unreliable. The connection between venous narrowing and MS remains unknown, and it would certainly appear to be much more complicated than current theories suggest."

The CCSVI theory, first put forth by Dr. Paolo Zamboni of Italy in 2009, holds that narrowing of the extracranial veins between the brain and the heart leads to MS, and that angioplasty to widen those veins -- sometimes called the "liberation procedure" -- can be an effective treatment for some people with the disease.

The researchers examined the extracranial veins of 79 people with MS, 55 of their unaffected siblings, and 43 unrelated healthy volunteers (controls), using both ultrasound and catheter venography.

Venous narrowing was present in 74 per cent of people with MS, 66 per cent of their unaffected siblings, and 70 per cent of the unrelated controls. Catheter venography found venous narrowing to be more widespread than Zamboni's criteria for measuring the condition with ultrasound. Ultrasound found narrowing in fewer than half of the cases that were detected by catheter venography.

In a related commentary in The Lancet, Dr. Friedemann Paul of Germany and Dr. Mike Wattjes of the Netherlands suggest that the new results sound a "death knell" for the hypothesis of CCSVI as a disease entity. "If chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency actually existed, the ultrasound findings of this study and previous studies would suggest that up to half of the general and otherwise healthy population should be judged to be seriously ill because of venous insufficiency of the cervical veins," they write. "The fact that some changes in the venous system have been described in association with multiple sclerosis does not imply causality."

Traboulsee, a member of the Brain Research Centre of UBC and Vancouver Coastal Health, is leading another pan-Canadian study focused on angioplasty, or "liberation therapy." His team is providing both angioplasty and a sham treatment to 100 MS patients; each group will "cross over" to the other treatment after a year, so all patients will receive the angioplasty at some point. Results from the trial are expected in late 2015. "Despite the negative findings of our diagnostic study, many patients want to know if the venous dilation procedure could be beneficial," Traboulsee says. "We are committed to evaluating this treatment with robust methods and utilizing patient-focused outcomes."