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Three glaucoma-related genes discovered

Date:
January 11, 2016
Source:
NIH, National Eye Institute (NEI)
Summary:
Three genes that contribute to the most common type of glaucoma have been discovered by researchers. The study increases the total number of such genes to 15.
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An analysis funded by the National Eye Institute (NEI), part of the National Institutes of Health, has identified three genes that contribute to the most common type of glaucoma. The study increases the total number of such genes to 15.

"Just in time for Glaucoma Awareness Month, this unprecedented analysis provides the most comprehensive genetic profile of glaucoma to date," said NEI Director Paul A. Sieving, M.D., Ph.D. "These findings open avenues for the pursuit of new strategies to screen for, prevent, and treat glaucoma."

Glaucoma is a group of conditions that damage the optic nerve, the bundle of nerve fibers connecting the eye to the brain. Primary open angle glaucoma, the most common type, was studied in this analysis. In the majority of cases, pressure inside the eye is increased. Glaucoma affects side vision first, often going unnoticed for years. If detected early, vision loss can often be prevented with surgery or eye drops to lower pressure. The most common culprit of irreversible vision loss, glaucoma affects about 2.7 million Americans and 60 million people worldwide.

Some rare types of glaucoma are inherited via a single gene. The underlying causes of primary open angle glaucoma remain poorly understood, but likely involve the interaction of many genes with environmental influences.

The researchers compared the DNA of 3,853 people of European ancestry with primary open-angle glaucoma to a similar group of 33,480 people without it. Data for the analysis came from eight datasets generated by members of the NEIGHBORHOOD Consortium. NEIGHBORHOOD stands for NEI Glaucoma Human Genetics Collaboration Heritable Overall Operational Database. To ensure uniformity among the datasets, the researchers restricted their analysis to gene variants included in the 1000 Genomes Project reference panel -- a catalog of human genetic variability.

The analysis showed that specific variations in the genes FOXC1, TXNRD2, and ATXN2 are associated with glaucoma. Additional analyses of datasets from Europe, Australia/New Zealand, and Singapore also found associations between glaucoma and these gene variants. All three genes are expressed in the eye. TXNRD2 and ATXN2 are active in the optic nerve.

Scientists had already identified an association between FOXC1 and glaucoma, but only in rare cases of severe early-onset glaucoma.

The TXNRD2 gene makes an enzyme that protects mitochondria against oxidative stress -- the build-up of toxic byproducts from normal metabolism. Mitochondria are energy-producing cellular components. For years, scientists have suspected that oxidative stress might contribute to the degeneration of the optic nerve, but until now they lacked evidence. "This is the first direct report to show the association of a gene linking oxidative damage to glaucoma," said Neeraj Agarwal, Ph.D., a program director at NEI. The study suggests that people with TXNRD2 gene variants may have a reduced ability to protect mitochondria from damage, leading to optic nerve cell death.

Little is known about the normal function of ATXN2. Mutations of the gene are implicated in a rare disorder called spinocerebellar ataxia 2 that causes loss of balance and coordination. Interestingly, ATXN2 is the third gene associated with both glaucoma and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease. However, there is no evidence that people with glaucoma are at greater risk of developing ALS.

"Connecting these genes to glaucoma was possible only through close collaboration among NEIGHBORHOOD investigators," said Janey Wiggs, M.D., Ph.D., associate director of the Ocular Genomics Institute at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, part of Harvard Medical School. Dr. Wiggs is the principal investigator for NEIGHBORHOOD and lead author of the report, which appears online today in Nature Genetics.


Story Source:

Materials provided by NIH, National Eye Institute (NEI). Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. Jessica N Cooke Bailey, Stephanie J Loomis, Jae H Kang, R Rand Allingham, Puya Gharahkhani, Chiea Chuen Khor, Kathryn P Burdon, Hugues Aschard, Daniel I Chasman, Robert P Igo, Pirro G Hysi, Craig A Glastonbury, Allison Ashley-Koch, Murray Brilliant, Andrew A Brown, Donald L Budenz, Alfonso Buil, Ching-Yu Cheng, Hyon Choi, William G Christen, Gary Curhan, Immaculata De Vivo, John H Fingert, Paul J Foster, Charles Fuchs, Douglas Gaasterland, Terry Gaasterland, Alex W Hewitt, Frank Hu, David J Hunter, Anthony P Khawaja, Richard K Lee, Zheng Li, Paul R Lichter, David A Mackey, Peter McGuffin, Paul Mitchell, Sayoko E Moroi, Shamira A Perera, Keating W Pepper, Qibin Qi, Tony Realini, Julia E Richards, Paul M Ridker, Eric Rimm, Robert Ritch, Marylyn Ritchie, Joel S Schuman, William K Scott, Kuldev Singh, Arthur J Sit, Yeunjoo E Song, Rulla M Tamimi, Fotis Topouzis, Ananth C Viswanathan, Shefali Setia Verma, Douglas Vollrath, Jie Jin Wang, Nicole Weisschuh, Bernd Wissinger, Gadi Wollstein, Tien Y Wong, Brian L Yaspan, Donald J Zack, Kang Zhang, EPIC-Norfolk Eye Study, Robert N Weinreb, Margaret A Pericak-Vance, Kerrin Small, Christopher J Hammond, Tin Aung, Yutao Liu, Eranga N Vithana, Stuart MacGregor, Jamie E Craig, Peter Kraft, Gareth Howell, Michael A Hauser, Louis R Pasquale, Jonathan L Haines, Janey L Wiggs. Genome-wide association analysis identifies TXNRD2, ATXN2 and FOXC1 as susceptibility loci for primary open-angle glaucoma. Nature Genetics, 2016; DOI: 10.1038/ng.3482

Cite This Page:

NIH, National Eye Institute (NEI). "Three glaucoma-related genes discovered." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 11 January 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/160111122647.htm>.
NIH, National Eye Institute (NEI). (2016, January 11). Three glaucoma-related genes discovered. ScienceDaily. Retrieved December 3, 2024 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/160111122647.htm
NIH, National Eye Institute (NEI). "Three glaucoma-related genes discovered." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/01/160111122647.htm (accessed December 3, 2024).

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