New! Sign up for our free email newsletter.
Science News
from research organizations

400,000-year-old fossils from Spain provide earliest genetic evidence of Neanderthals

Analysis of nuclear DNA from Sima de los Huesos hominins provides evidence of their relationship to Neanderthals

Date:
March 15, 2016
Source:
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Summary:
Previous analyses of the hominins from Sima de los Huesos in 2013 showed that their maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA was distantly related to Denisovans, extinct relatives of Neanderthals in Asia. This was unexpected since their skeletal remains carry Neanderthals-derived features. Researchers have since worked on sequencing nuclear DNA from fossils from the cave, a challenging task as the extremely old DNA is degraded to very short fragments. The results now show that the Sima de los Huesos hominins were indeed early Neanderthals.
Share:
FULL STORY

Previous analyses of the hominins from Sima de los Huesos in 2013 showed that their maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA was distantly related to Denisovans, extinct relatives of Neanderthals in Asia. This was unexpected since their skeletal remains carry Neanderthal-derived features. Researchers of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, have since worked on sequencing nuclear DNA from fossils from the cave, a challenging task as the extremely old DNA is degraded to very short fragments. The results now show that the Sima de los Huesos hominins were indeed early Neanderthals. Neanderthals may have acquired different mitochondrial genomes later, perhaps as the result of gene flow from Africa.

Until now it has been unclear how the 28 400,000-year-old individuals found at the Sima de los Huesos ("pit of bones") site in Northern Spain were related to Neanderthals and Denisovans who lived until about 40,000 years ago. A previous report based on analyses of mitochondrial DNA from one of the specimens suggested a distant relationship to Denisovans, which is in contrast to other archaeological evidence, including morphological features that the Sima de los Huesos hominins shared with Neanderthals.

"Sima de los Huesos is currently the only non-permafrost site that allow us to study DNA sequences from the Middle Pleistocene, the time period preceding 125,000 years ago," says Matthias Meyer of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, lead author of an article that was published in Nature today. "The recovery of a small part of the nuclear genome from the Sima de los Huesos hominins is not just the result of our continuous efforts in pushing for more sensitive sample isolation and genome sequencing technologies," Meyer adds. "This work would have been much more difficult without the special care that was taken during excavation."

New techniques and precise work make the difference

"We have hoped for many years that advances in molecular analysis techniques would one day aid our investigation of this unique assembly of fossils," explains Juan-Luis Arsuaga of the Complutense University in Madrid, Spain, who has led the excavations at Sima de los Huesos for three decades. "We have thus removed some of the specimens with clean instruments and left them embedded in clay to minimize alterations of the material that might take place after excavation." The nuclear DNA sequences recovered from two specimens secured in this way show that they belong to the Neanderthal evolutionary lineage and are more closely related to Neanderthals than to Denisovans. This finding indicates that the population divergence between Denisovans and Neanderthals had already occurred by 430,000 years ago when the Sima de los Huesos hominins lived.

According to Svante Pääbo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology "these results provide important anchor points in the timeline of human evolution. They are consistent with a rather early divergence of 550,000 to 750,000 years ago of the modern human lineage from archaic humans."

Consistent with the previous study, the mitochondrial DNA of the Sima de los Huesos hominins is closer related to Denisovans than Neanderthals. Mitochondrial DNA seen in Late Pleistocene Neanderthals may thus have been acquired by them later in their history, perhaps as a result of gene flow from Africa. The researchers propose that retrieval of further mitochondrial and nuclear DNA from Middle Pleistocene fossils could help to clarify the evolutionary relationship between Middle and Late Pleistocene hominins in Eurasia.


Story Source:

Materials provided by Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. Matthias Meyer, Juan-Luis Arsuaga, Cesare de Filippo, Sarah Nagel, Ayinuer Aximu-Petri, Birgit Nickel, Ignacio Martínez, Ana Gracia, José María Bermúdez de Castro, Eudald Carbonell, Bence Viola, Janet Kelso, Kay Prüfer, Svante Pääbo. Nuclear DNA sequences from the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos hominins. Nature, 2016; DOI: 10.1038/nature17405

Cite This Page:

Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. "400,000-year-old fossils from Spain provide earliest genetic evidence of Neanderthals." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 15 March 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160315120946.htm>.
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. (2016, March 15). 400,000-year-old fossils from Spain provide earliest genetic evidence of Neanderthals. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 19, 2024 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160315120946.htm
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. "400,000-year-old fossils from Spain provide earliest genetic evidence of Neanderthals." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160315120946.htm (accessed March 19, 2024).

Explore More

from ScienceDaily

RELATED STORIES