Despite the chemical similarity of these chiral pairs, insects and plants can distinguish enantiomeric forms of pheromones and phytochemicals, although little attention has been paid to the mixing ratio of the two separated forms in forests. Previous measurements reported minus α-pinene to be the dominant chiral molecule of the tropical forest. Scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz and from Brazil have now made a surprising discovery: from the 325-meter-high measuring tower in the Amazon rainforest, they were able to show that the ratio of the α-pinene enantiomers varies in the vertical by a factor of ten. The team around the Max Planck researcher Nora Zannoni was also able to demonstrate that the concentrations are altitude-dependent and vary with the time of day and in both wet and dry seasons.

While plus-α-pinene dominates at 40 meters anytime and at 80 meters during the night, the minus form predominates at 80 meters during the day and at all other higher heights anytime. The team also observed that the minus α-pinene concentration depends on temperature at 80 meters while plus α-pinene does not. "The photosynthetic activity of the vegetation depends on temperature and stomatal opening. It thus drives the emissions of minus α-pinene, demonstrating that leaves are the main source of emission of this isomer, and that the two isomers are released from leaves through different pathways," says Zannoni, who is first author of a study recently published in the science magazine Communications Earth & Environment.

Termites as unknown source of plus α-pinene in the canopy?

During the dry season, the chiral ratio of the two forms reverses at 80 meters. "This indicates a strong, uncharacterized source of plus α-pinene in the canopy," says Jonathan Williams, group leader at the institute in Mainz and last author of the study. Since the researchers could

rule out atmospheric sinks such as the chiral-selective degradation of pinene by OH radicals and ozone or deposition onto aerosols as well as the influence of wind direction and sunlight, they instead suspect that insect stresses such as herbivores feeding and termites emissions are responsible for the plus α-pinene higher values. In order to test a possible impact of insects the researchers conducted additional measurements above termite nests which confirmed that such emissions can overturn the ambient chiral ratio of α-pinene. As termite populations are expected to increase significantly in the future with continued deforestation and climate warming, their influence needs to be considered in forest emission models and forest signaling.

"We also know that plants can release large amounts of plus α-pinene when injured or eaten," Williams adds. This is supported by measurements of volatile compounds associated with leaf wounding that even revealed when the herbivores were most active. The atmospheric chemists Zannoni and Williams conclude that they need to rethink how canopy emissions of volatile organic compounds are simulated, and take the whole ecosystem into account.

The research was co-financed by the H2020 project "ULTRACHIRAL" of the European Union.

Story Source:

Materials provided by Max Planck Institute for Chemistry. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference:

1. Nora Zannoni, Denis Leppla, Pedro Ivo Lembo Silveira de Assis, Thorsten Hoffmann, Marta Sá, Alessandro Araújo, Jonathan Williams. Surprising chiral composition changes over the Amazon rainforest with height, time and season. Communications Earth & Environment, 2020; 1 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s43247-020-0007-9