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Electrode interphase formation

Anions and solvents direct nucleation and growth of the solid electrolyte interphase

Date:
March 22, 2021
Source:
Wiley
Summary:
Batteries charge and recharge -- apparently all thanks to a perfect interplay of electrode material and electrolyte. However, for ideal battery function, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a crucial role. Materials scientists have now studied nucleation and growth of this layer in atomic detail. The properties of anions and solvent molecules need to be well balanced.
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Batteries charge and recharge -- apparently all thanks to a perfect interplay of electrode material and electrolyte. However, for ideal battery function, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) plays a crucial role. Materials scientists have now studied nucleation and growth of this layer in atomic detail. According to the study published in the journal Angewandte Chemie, the properties of anions and solvent molecules need to be well balanced.

In lithium-ion batteries, the SEI forms at the beginning of the first charging process, when a potential is applied. Elements from the electrolyte deposit on the graphite electrode and form a coating that soon covers the entire electrode. Only after this layer is completed, can the positive lithium ions intercalate in the electrode without exfoliating the electrode material.

Qiang Zhang and colleagues at Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, have now taken a closer look at the nucleation and growth of the SEI. The electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries contains lithium salt and a solvent. Strongly solvating solvents wrap the lithium ion, and the anions float freely. In contrast, weakly solvating electrolytes enable a closer attachment of the anions to the lithium ion. Here, the anions remain part of the inner solvation shell.

This inner solvation shell must be stripped off from the lithium to allow SEI formation and growth. The researchers demonstrated that the anions of the inner shell first adsorbed at the fresh electrode and then took up two electrons in an electrochemical reaction. This latter event triggered decomposition and nucleation of the SEI. The authors concluded that SEI formation mainly depended on how easily the anions can grab electrons and decompose compared with the solvent.

The scientists used electrochemical techniques and atomic force microscopy to investigate the crystal growth until completion of the layer. They found that a smooth layer only formed at low overpotentials. The solvent also influenced the overpotential. The authors also noted that solvents having a high affinity to the crystalline layer produced no overpotential at all.

They concluded that future designs of high-performance electrodes should focus more on the interplay between the negative ions of the lithium salt and the solvent. To allow a homogeneous inorganic, crystalline SEI to be formed, the anions should outcompete the solvent; they should more easily adsorb to the electrode surface and undertake electrochemical reactions. In addition, the decomposition products should be solid and insoluble, but still show a certain affinity to the solvent, the authors said.


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Journal Reference:

  1. Chong Yan, Li‐Li Jiang, Yu‐Xing Yao, Yang Lu, Jia‐Qi Huang, Qiang Zhang. Nucleation and Growth Mechanism of Anion‐Derived Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Rechargeable Batteries. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2021; DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100494

Cite This Page:

Wiley. "Electrode interphase formation." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 22 March 2021. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/03/210322135224.htm>.
Wiley. (2021, March 22). Electrode interphase formation. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 28, 2024 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/03/210322135224.htm
Wiley. "Electrode interphase formation." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/03/210322135224.htm (accessed March 28, 2024).

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