A colossal magma system has been hiding beneath Tuscany

The international team included scientists from the University of Geneva (UNIGE), the Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (CNR-IGG), and the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV). Their findings, published in Communications Earth & Environment, could also help researchers locate geothermal reservoirs, lithium deposits, and rare earth elements connected to deep magmatic activity.

A Vast Magma System With No Obvious Warning Signs

Some of the world's best-known volcanic regions, including Yellowstone National Park in the United States, Lake Toba in Indonesia, and Lake Taupo in New Zealand, sit above magma reservoirs containing thousands of cubic kilometers of molten material.

Scientists usually identify these systems through visible or measurable evidence at the surface. Such clues can include ancient eruption deposits, volcanic craters, rising or sinking ground, and escaping gases. When those signs are absent, however, even enormous quantities of magma can remain undetected within Earth's crust.

That appears to have happened in Tuscany. Researchers from UNIGE, working with specialists from the Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources (IGG-CNR) and the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV), mapped approximately 6,000 km³ of volcanic fluids within the continental crust.

The newly identified material extends across Tuscany at depths ranging from 8 to 15 km.

No Current Volcanic Threat

Over geological timescales, a magma body of this size could theoretically play a role in the development of a supervolcano. Researchers emphasize, however, that the system does not currently represent a threat.

"We knew that this region, which extends from north to south across Tuscany, is geothermally active, but we did not realize it contained such a large volume of magma, comparable to that of supervolcanic systems such as Yellowstone," explains Matteo Lupi, associate professor in the Department of Earth Sciences at UNIGE's Faculty of Science, who led the study.

Using Earth's Background Noise as an Underground X-ray

The team located the magma through ambient noise tomography, a technique commonly used by seismologists to examine structures hidden below the surface. The method functions like an "X-ray" of Earth's crust by analyzing subtle vibrations continuously produced by ocean waves, wind, and human activity.

As these vibrations move through the ground, seismic instruments at the surface record how quickly the waves travel. The researchers deployed around 60 high-resolution sensors for the study.

Seismic waves generally slow down when they pass through unusually hot or partially molten material. By identifying areas where the waves moved at lower velocities, the researchers were able to pinpoint the likely location of magma.

They then combined the measurements to create a three-dimensional reconstruction of the underground structures across the study area.

New Tool for Geothermal Energy and Critical Minerals

The discovery has implications beyond understanding Tuscany's geology. Because ambient noise tomography can survey large underground regions relatively quickly and inexpensively, it may provide a useful way to search for geothermal energy and mineral resources.

Deep magmatic systems are often associated with deposits of lithium and rare earth elements. These materials are increasingly important for technologies such as electric vehicle batteries and other components needed for the energy transition.

"These results are important both for fundamental research and for practical applications, such as locating geothermal reservoirs or deposits rich in lithium and rare earth elements, which are used, for example, in electric vehicle batteries. In addition to their great scientific interest, these studies show that tomography, by exploring the subsoil quickly and at low cost, can be a useful tool for the energy transition," concludes Matteo Lupi.