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A new strategy of cell entry for some types of parvoviruses

Researchers at INRS uncover a new parvovirus strategy for reaching the cell nucleus

Date:
September 24, 2020
Source:
Institut national de la recherche scientifique - INRS
Summary:
Researchers have uncovered a new parvovirus strategy for reaching the cell nucleus which is their site of replication. This new method of entry is a good example of host-driven evolution.
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Researchers at the Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), in collaboration with American scientists, have uncovered a new parvovirus strategy for reaching the cell nucleus which is their site of replication.

This new method of entry is a good example of host-driven evolution. Their results were published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The parvoviruses are extremely contagious and persistent in the environment. They are transmitted mainly through the feces of a contaminated animal. They can infect invertebrates, vertebrates, mammals and humans. To reach the nucleus of host cells, parvoviruses use mostly enzymatic reactions. They are first absorbed by the cell inside a vesicle, a membrane compartment. To escape, parvoviruses activate a viral enzyme domain called phospholipase A2 (PLA2), a key mechanism discovered in 2001 by the same INRS laboratory.

However, some types of parvoviruses, as well as other nonenveloped viruses, do not have this enzyme domain and must therefore escape from the vesicle by some other means. Using molecular biology and structural studies, INRS researchers have discovered that a new virus targeting the giant tiger shrimp uses a more mechanical response. This type of parvovirus contains an inner pentamer helix bundle held together by calcium ions. When the microorganism is in the vesicle, where the calcium concentration is decreased by the elimination of toxic substances, the bundle is released and opens-up the protein shell (capsid) enclosing its genetic material and the membrane, allowing viral DNA to escape into the nucleus for replication.

"It turns out the incorporation of a PLA2 enzymatic domain is only one strategy, even as far as the family of parvoviruses is concerned. Here, we show yet a new strategy that may not be limited to one parvovirus lineage, but to other economically very important parvoviruses, such as parvoviruses of domestic fowl and farmed mink," says Judit Pénzes, a former postdoctoral fellow at INRS and first author of the paper published on August 18, 2020.

A Host-Driven Evolution

INRS Professor Emeritus Peter Tijssen, lead author of the publication, raises another interesting point: the host-driven convergent evolution of this method of entry into the cell. "Two parvoviruses with different DNA sequences, which both targeting shrimps, have adopted similar strategies for reaching the nucleus," he says.

Using a microscope nearly two floors high, the FEI Titan Krios, Judit Pénzes was able to solve the complete structure of the virus on a near-atomic scale. "You could already feel the energy rumbling through the enormous machine upon entering the facility. I think that it's probably the same to what scientists involved in space exploration must have felt when they saw a rocket ready to lift off for the first time," says the postdoctoral student.

Eventually, the discovery of this mechanism could lead to a better understanding of how viruses enter cells and even to a cure. "If we know how the parvovirus manages to release its DNA into the nucleus of the host cell, we can try to find a molecule to block this action," concludes Professor Tijssen. The collaboration with the Florida-based research team will allow them to deepen the knowledge on this subject and possibly find other methods of entry that are yet unknown.


Story Source:

Materials provided by Institut national de la recherche scientifique - INRS. Original written by Audrey-Maude Vézina. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


Journal Reference:

  1. Judit J. Pénzes, Hanh T. Pham, Paul Chipman, Nilakshee Bhattacharya, Robert McKenna, Mavis Agbandje-McKenna, Peter Tijssen. Molecular biology and structure of a novel penaeid shrimp densovirus elucidate convergent parvoviral host capsid evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2020; 117 (33): 20211 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008191117

Cite This Page:

Institut national de la recherche scientifique - INRS. "A new strategy of cell entry for some types of parvoviruses." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 24 September 2020. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200924082704.htm>.
Institut national de la recherche scientifique - INRS. (2020, September 24). A new strategy of cell entry for some types of parvoviruses. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 28, 2024 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200924082704.htm
Institut national de la recherche scientifique - INRS. "A new strategy of cell entry for some types of parvoviruses." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200924082704.htm (accessed March 28, 2024).

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