A surprising new method finally makes teflon recyclable

Scientists at Newcastle University and the University of Birmingham have created a clean, energy-saving process for recycling Teflon (PTFE), which is widely recognized for its role in non-stick cookware and in products that must withstand high temperatures and harsh chemicals.

The team found that discarded Teflon can be broken apart and reused with only sodium metal and mechanical movement by shaking -- all at room temperature and without toxic solvents.

Their study, published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS), outlines a low-energy and waste-free alternative to standard fluorine recovery techniques.

Breaking Carbon-Fluorine Bonds to Recover Useful Fluoride

Dr. Roly Armstrong, Lecturer in Chemistry at Newcastle University and corresponding author said: "The process we have discovered breaks the strong carbon-fluorine bonds in Teflon, converting it into sodium fluoride which is used in fluoride toothpastes and added to drinking water.

"Hundreds of thousands of tonnes of Teflon are produced globally each year -- it's used in everything from lubricants to coatings on cookware, and currently there are very few ways to get rid of it. As those products come to the end of their lives they currently end up in landfill -- but this process allows us to extract the fluorine and upcycle it into useful new materials."

Associate Professor Dr. Erli Lu of the University of Birmingham added: "Fluorine is a vital element in modern life -- it's found in around one-third of all new medicines and in many advanced materials. Yet fluorine is traditionally obtained through energy-intensive and heavily polluting mining and chemical processes. Our method shows that we can recover it from everyday waste and reuse it directly -- turning a disposal problem into a resource opportunity."

Why Recycling PTFE Is So Difficult

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), often called Teflon, is valued for its resistance to heat and chemicals, making it a key material in cookware, electronics, and laboratory tools. However, those same strengths have made it extremely difficult to recycle.

When PTFE is burned or incinerated, it releases persistent pollutants known as 'forever chemicals' (PFAS), which remain in ecosystems for decades. As a result, traditional disposal methods pose significant environmental and public health risks.

Mechanochemistry Provides a Cleaner Path Forward

To address this challenge, the researchers used mechanochemistry, a sustainable approach in which mechanical force drives chemical reactions rather than high heat.

Inside a sealed steel container called a ball mill, small pieces of sodium metal are ground together with Teflon. This grinding causes the materials to react at room temperature, breaking the carbon-fluorine bonds within Teflon and producing harmless carbon along with sodium fluoride, a stable salt widely used in fluoride toothpaste.

The team also demonstrated that the sodium fluoride generated through this method can be used immediately, without additional purification, to synthesize other valuable fluorine-containing compounds used in pharmaceuticals, diagnostic tools, and specialty chemicals.

Confirming Clean Reactions With Advanced NMR Analysis

Associate Professor Dr. Dominik Kubicki, who leads the University of Birmingham's solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) team, explained: "We used advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy -- one of our specialities at Birmingham -- to look inside the reaction mixture at the atomic level. This allowed us to prove that the process produces clean sodium fluoride without any by-products. It's a perfect example of how state-of-the-art materials characterization can accelerate progress toward sustainability."

Toward a Circular Fluorine Economy

This discovery points toward a circular system in which fluorine can be recovered from industrial waste instead of being lost through disposal. Such a model could greatly reduce the environmental impact of fluorine-based chemicals that play essential roles in medicine, electronics, and renewable energy systems.

"Our approach is simple, fast, and uses inexpensive materials," said Dr. Lu. "We hope it will inspire further work on reusing other kinds of fluorinated waste and help make the production of vital fluorine-containing compounds more sustainable."

The study also underscores the expanding role of mechanochemistry in green chemistry. This emerging field replaces high-temperature or solvent-heavy reactions with mechanical motion, opening new opportunities for sustainable innovation.

Dr. Kubicki added: "This research shows how interdisciplinary science, combining materials chemistry with advanced spectroscopy, can turn one of the most persistent plastics into something useful again. It's a small but important step toward sustainable fluorine chemistry."