Leaf age determines the division of labor in plant stress responses

Many plant responses to stress are mediated by small signaling molecules called phytohormones, and the authors focused on two particular stress pathways in their study: One mediated by abscisic acid (ABA), which triggers a program that protects plants from abiotic stress and another activated by salicylic acid (SA), which provides protection against pathogens. To allow efficient allocation of resources, activation of ABA-mediated defense dampens the SA response. To determine the significance of this crosstalk for plants simultaneously exposed to both physical and pathogen stresses, the authors first more closely studied the crosstalk between the two phytohormone pathways in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Surprisingly, the authors found that pre-exposure of plants to ABA blocked activity of the SA-dependent response arm only in older leaves, which rendered these more sensitive to bacterial infection, while younger leaves were protected from this block of the SA response. Using RNA sequencing technology, they identified a gene called PBS3, which was then shown to be responsible for the protection of young leaves from ABA-mediated immunosuppression. They made similar observations under physical stresses such as drought and high salinity stress. Thus, plants actively balance trade-offs between biological and physical stress responses based on leaf age.

Crucially, the lack of PBS3 not only affected young leaves under combined stresses but led to compromised growth and a lower number of seed capsules and thus compromised overall plant reproductive fitness. Thus, an active balancing mechanism between biological and physical stress responses depending on leaf age increases plant fitness under combined stresses.

Several important questions remain: For example, do other plants such as crops balance stress response trade-offs to maintain growth and reproduction? How does PBS3 protect younger leaves from abiotic stress-triggered immunosuppression? Considering that trade-offs between stress responses exert a major constraint on crop productivity, it will be crucial to answer these questions for sustainable agriculture.